Ipeanut butter. Zizinto zesidlo sasemini zobuntwana, zezona zidyiwa zimnandi kakhulu kwireferensi yakho, kwaye masinyaniseke apha, kwasekuqaleni: Kukho iintsuku apho kufuneka utye icephe kanye engqayini, yile darn ngokulungileyo . Inamathele kwaye iyazalisa kwaye inetyiwa, kwaye intle kakhulu xa uyidibanisa netshokholethi, akunjalo?
Kodwa wazi kangakanani ngayo? Yenziwe nguGeorge Washington Carver, uvile ... kwaye sizokumisa apho kuba asiyonyani leyo .
Kuyavela ukuba zininzi izinto onokungazazi malunga ne-pantry kunye ne-snacking staple, kwaye ungakhathazeki, siza kukunika iindaba ezimnandi kanye apha ngaphambili: Akukho nto apha eza kwenza ukuba ucinge kabini ngaphambi kokufikelela ngembiza kwixesha elizayo. Kwaye zingaphi ukutya ungathi malunga noku? Nyusa isihlalo, kwaye masithethe ngenyani engenakulinganiswa yebhotolo yamandongomane.
Hayi, ibhotolo yamandongomane ayizange yenziwe nguGeorge Washington Carver
Sonke siyivile loo nto Ipeanut butter yaqanjwa nguGeorge Washington Carver, kwaye iyavakala. Ngokwe- IBhodi ye-Peanut yeSizwe Uyaziwa njengoyise weshishini lamandongomane lanamhlanje, kwaye utyholwa ngokufumanisa ukusetyenziswa okungaphezulu kwama-300 kwamandongomane. Oku kubandakanya ezinye izinto zokutya-ezinje nge-chili sauce-kunye nezinye iimveliso ezingatyiwayo (njengeglu kunye nokucheba ukhilimu), kodwa ngokungaqhelekanga ... hayi ibhotolo yamandongomane.
Uluvo ngokubanzi ibhotolo yamandongomane ihamba umgama omde- yonke indlela eya kumaAztec, awayedla ngokugaya amandongomane aqhotsiweyo abe ludaka. Kwakungekho ngcamango efanayo nebhotela yamanqatha yanamhlanje, ekufuneka sibulele ngayo abantu abathathu.
Kuqala, kukho uMarcellus Gilmore Edson waseKhanada, owayenelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wenkqubo yokwenza 'ipeanut paste' ngo-1884. Emva koko, uGqr. John Harvey Kellogg unelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wokwenza inkqubo yebhotolo yamandongomane ngamandongomane aluhlaza. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1903, uGqirha Ambrose Straub wenza ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wakhe: umatshini wokwenza ibhotolo yamandongomane. Ngokwenene yayingumzamo weqela.
I-philadelphia oreo cheesecake iyaluma
Ipeanut butter yenziwa yathandwa njengokutya kwezempilo
I-Wikipedia Namhlanje, asiyicingi tu ibhotolo yamandongomane kuqala xa sicinga ngento esempilweni, kodwa ngokwe Ukucinga Ugqirha John Harvey Kellogg onganyamezelekiyo wokunyusa ibhotolo yamandongomane njengokutya kwezempilo yiyo le nto ekuqaleni yayisaziwa njengayo. Ukunyuswa kukaKellogg webhotolo yamandongomane kuqalwe e-Battle Creek Sanitarium, kwaye ndikunike umbono wokuba ibaluleke kangakanani le ndawo, I-PBS Qaphela ukuba abathengi babandakanya abantu abanjengoThomas Edison, uJohn D. Rockefeller, uBooker T. Washington noAmelia Earhart. Cinga ngekhandlela, imithi yebhanana eMichigan, kunye neehektare ezintlanu zomgangatho wemabhile, kwaye unoluvo.
Amawaka amawaka abantu bathontelana ukuya kwi-sanitarium ngethemba lokunyanga naliphi na inani lezifo, kwaye uKellogg wayekholelwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ucoceko kunye nokutya ziyinxalenye enkulu yempilo yabo eqhubekayo. Kwaye oko? Oko kubandakanya uguqulelo lwebhotolo yamandongomane eyayisebenzisa amandongomane afusiweyo endaweni yokosiwa, ke ngoko yayiyinto eyahlukileyo kancinane kunaleyo siqhele ukuyenza. Okwangoku, yaziwa njengemenyu yokutya.
Ewe, ayinguye wonke umntu owayenokukwazi ukuphuma aye kumaSan R & R. Ngomnyaka we-1904, uluvo lwebhotolo yamandongomane yafikelela kubaphulaphuli abaninzi, ngenxa yomnini-mvume wokuthengisa ogama linguC. Isumner. Wayephethe indawo yokuma kwi-Fair yeHlabathi yeSt. Louis, kwaye emva kokuthengisa i-705.11 yeedola kwibhotolo yamandongomane, yayithengiswa ngobuninzi ngaphakathi konyaka. (Kwaye loo $ 705.11? Uhlengahlengisiwe ukunyuka kwamaxabiso , ingaphezulu kwe- $ 20,000 namhlanje.)
Uya kumangaliswa kukufumanisa ukuba kutheni ibhotolo yamandongomane kunye nejelly sandwich iyinto
Awungekhe ubengcono kakhulu kune Isandwich yePB & J , kunene? Yindibaniselwano egqibeleleyo enetyiwa kwaye iswiti, kwaye njengako konke ukutya, umntu bekufuneka abe ngowokuqala ukuyenza. Ngokwe- IBhodi ye-Peanut yeSizwe , bekukho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka zihlanganisene ukwenza le ntandokazi yesidlo sasemini. Okokuqala yayiyinto ka-Otto Frederick Rohwedder yokusika isonka, kwaye ngokulandelayo yayililungelo elilodwa likaPaul Welch kwinkqubo yokwenza ijeli yamagilebhisi. Ngelo xesha, ibhotolo yamandongomane yayiye yabonakala kwiimenyu zeendawo zokutyela eziseNew York okwethutyana, kodwa yayihamba ngokudityaniswa nezinto ezifana i-watercress okanye ipimento .
Kwandula ke, ngo-1901 Imagazini yeSikolo sokuPheka saseBoston seSayensi yezeNkcubeko kunye noQoqosho lwaseKhaya ipapashe iresiphi yokuqala yesangweji yePB & J. Ewe, ngokwenene, iresiphi epheleleyo-kwaye ukuba uyazibuza, umbhali weresiphi uJulia Davis Chandler ucebise nge-crabapple okanye i-currant jelly. Ingcamango ifakwe ixesha elithile, kwaye emva koko, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II yenzekile.
Umkhosi wase-US watsibela kwi-peanut-butter bandwagon: Yayinoqweqwe oluzinzileyo, ukuphatheka, kunye nomxholo weprotheni ephezulu. Ijeli yomdiliya kaWelch yayisele isemfanekisweni, kwaye xa amajoni aseMelika abuyayo evela phesheya kolwandle, uthando lwabo lwabathobekileyo I-PB & J yathandwa luhlanga.
I-Smooth okanye crunchy: Liliphi iqela lebhotolo yamandongomani okulo?
Ayinamsebenzi ukuba uyithanda kangakanani ibhotolo yamandongomane, mhlawumbi unokukhetha: egudileyo okanye egudileyo? Ngoku ka Uyonwabisa , kukho ubuchule kumacala omabini. Ibhotolo yamandongomane eyotyiweyo kunzima kakhulu ukuyisasaza, kwaye masinyaniseke, abathandi be crunchy: Zingaphi izilayi ze Isonka esimangalisayo umoshe? Kodwa kwicala leflip, kukho into eyonelisayo, ezalisa ngakumbi, kunye ne-tastier malunga ne-PB enqabileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ibaluleke ngakumbi, ke thatha loo nto, bukhrim!
Kodwa ngokuka Iposi likaHuffington , ukuba uwela kwicala le-crunchy, ubambalwa. Uphando lweBhodi ye-Peanut National lubonisa ukuba kwiibhiliyoni zeebhanti zamandongomane ezityiwa minyaka le, malunga neepesenti ezingama-60 zabantu bakhetha ukufikelela kwizinto ezigudileyo. Ikwacebisa ukuba kukho olunye ulwahlulo: Amadoda kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba akhethe ukungabinantlonelo, ngelixa uninzi lwabasetyhini luthanda ukuguda. Legit, okanye hayi?
Ibhotolo yamandongomane yayingunobangela wesinye sezona ziphazamiso zinetyhefu yokutya
Kukho ukutya okumbalwa okubuyisa imvakalelo yokuba msulwa ebuntwaneni njengebhotolo yamandongomane. Kodwa ngowama-2015, uloyiko, ibhotolo yamandongomane enxulumene nokutyhefa kokutya ekugqibeleni yafikelela esiphelweni ngokugwetywa kwebhotolo yamandongomane eyathi yathumela ngamabomu iimeko zebhotolo yamandongomane eyayinoxanduva lokuqhambuka okukhulu kwesalmonella.
Ngoku ka IWashington Post Ukuqhambuka kwenzeka ngo-2008 nango-2009. Ngexesha lokugqibela, abantu abangama-714 kumazwe amaninzi baye bagula, kwaye abantu abasithoba babhubhile. Kwakungekho kudala, utsho i-NPR , ngaphambi kokuba kuqhambuke umkhondo kwiPeanut Corporation yaseMelika nakwimizi-mveliso yaseGeorgia. Kwaye ngelixa bekukho ukwanda okukhulu, ukuxhaphaka, kunye nokuqhambuka okubulalayo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba le inokuthintelwa ngokulula.
Kwityala lowayesakuba ngumphathi omkhulu u-Stewart Parnell, abatshutshisi banikezela ngobungqina obuquka amaxwebhu kunye ne-imeyile apho uParnell- ngaphandle kokulunyukiswa ukuba izikhongozeli 'zigqunywe luthuli kunye neempuku zempuku' kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-salmonella zazingafumaneki- zaphendulwa, '.. thumela nje. Andinakukwazi ukukhulula omnye umthengi. '
Kwizithende zobo bungqina (kunye nezinto ezininzi ezaphula ikhowudi yezempilo eyafunyanwa yi-FDA kumzi-mveliso) uParnell wagwetywa iminyaka engama-28 entolongweni, ngelixa umntakwabo, owayesakuba ngumphathi wenkampani, naye wagwetywa, kunye nolawulo lomgangatho wezityalo. umphathi.
Ityala elineminyaka eli-12 ubudala 'I-Butter Case'
Xa uvula ingqayi yebhotolo yamandongomane, ulindele ukuba ibe yiyo, ewe, ubukhulu becala amandongomane, akunjalo? Namhlanje, kuyinyani: Umxholo webhotolo yamandongomane kufuneka ubuncinci Ipesenti ezingama-90 zamandongomane , okanye kufuneka ithengiswe njenge 'peanut spread.' Kwakungekho njalo, nangona kunjalo, kwaye kwathatha ixesha elide ukuba umthetho webhotela we-peanut ufike khona.
Iifayile zengqondo s iingxelo ngaloo ndlela ngo-1959, i-FDA yafumanisa ukuba ezinye iimveliso ezibhalwe 'ibhotolo yamandongomane' zazimalunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zamandongomane. Ezinye izithako yayizizithako ezinje ngeoyile kunye neglycerin, ezazinexabiso elincinci lokugcwalisa ezazisetyenziselwa ukwandisa inzuzo. Kwakuloo nyaka mnye, i-FDA yacebisa ukuba kwinqanaba lebhodi ethi ibhotolo yamandongomane kufuneka ibengama-95 eepeanuts, kodwa abavelisi ? Bayithiyile le ngcinga kwaye bathi abantu abafuni maninzi amandongomane kuba iyakwenza ukuba kube nzima ukusasaza imveliso.
Yintoni eqalele phambili, amabango IAtlas Obscura , yayilityala lenkundla elihlala ixesha elide elihlekisayo iminyaka eli-12. Kwiminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba iqalile, abavelisi kunye ne-FDA abakwazanga ukufikelela kwisivumelwano, kwaye baphethukela eluntwini. Sonke siyayazi indlela esebenza kakuhle ngayo loo nto. Enkosi kwinxalenye enkulu ekuzimiseleni kukaRuth Desmond, umlweli othetheyo kunye nentloko yeFederal of Homemaker, abavelisi ekugqibeleni banikezele, kwaye ngoku kukho amandongomane amaninzi kwibhotolo yamandongomane.
Ibhotolo yamandongomane ngumba wofakelo lobugcisa olungaqhelekanga
Facebook Ubuhle bunokuba kwiliso lombonisi, kodwa ubugcisa? Ubugcisa bunokuba yinto engaqhelekanga, ngakumbi xa ibandakanya ibhotolo yamandongomane.
Ngo-2010, i IMyuziyam yaseBoijmans Van Beuningen ndikhusele iqonga 'lePeanut-Butter Platform' (1962) kumzobi ogama linguWim T. Schippers. Iqhubeke ukuboniswa ngo-2011, kwaye yintoni kanye kanye? Eyona nto ivakalayo ngathi-sisiqwengana esikhulu sebhokisi yamandongomane emgangathweni. Ayisiyonto encinci yebhotolo yamandongomane, nokuba kungoku Imeyile yekhuriya Yenziwe nge-1,100 yeelitha zebhotolo yamandongomane. Ingaba yimalini oko? Ngaphezulu kweembiza ezingama-2,000.
Ngoba? Ngubani owaziyo, bubugcisa. (Ayisiyiyo kuphela i-Schippers kuphela enxulumene nobugcisa obunxulumene nokutya, nokuba: Wayecebise ukwenza into efanayo nesipinatshi kwaye waphakamisa isitulo nge-chow mein noodles.)
Ufakelo luka-2011 aluzange luphawule ukuhamba okokuqala kumgangatho webhotolo yamandongomane, nokuba. Yaboniswa okokuqala ngo-1969, kwaye imyuziyam ithi 'ngumsebenzi onokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.' Ngaba abantu bahambile kuyo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa ekubeni kwagqitywa ekubeni isithintelo singonakalisa umboniso, ewe, isimilo sebali kukujonga apho uhamba khona, ngakumbi ukuba ukwigalari yobugcisa.
Unokwenza iidayimani kwibhotolo yamandongomane ...
Inzululwazi intle, ke makhe sithethe ngento emnandi onokuyikhupha ngokupheleleyo emthendelekweni. Sonke sivile ukuba iidayimani yenziwe ngekhabhon , kunene? Kuyacaca ukuba zinokwenziwa kwibhotolo yamandongomane nayo.
Umntu emhlabeni ufumanisa njani oko? Ngokwe- I-BBC , eqinisweni, iqala ngoMhlaba-kwaye umphandi ogama linguDan Frost ovela eBayerisches Geoinstitut eJamani. Umsebenzi kaFrost ubandakanya ukuqhuba iimvavanyo ezenzelwe ukulingisa ezinye zeemeko esinokuthi sizifumane nzulu kumbindi woMhlaba, into inzululwazi engazi nto kangako ngayo. Injongo kukuzama ukufumana okungakumbi malunga nokuba yenziwa njani iplanethi, kwaye ukwenza oku, ubeka amatye kunye nezinye izinto koxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu. Ephakamileyo kangakanani? Amaxesha angama-280,000 kuxinzelelo lomoya. Kuphela kwabokuqala. Okulandelayo kuza yinkqubo echaza into ekubhekiswa kuyo ukuya kwisigidi esi-1.3 samaxesha oxinzelelo lomoya. Ngokwenza oko ke ngokuthelekisa idatha yenyikima, unokuqikelela ukuba ngaba isampulu ikufuphi nokwakheka kwengubo yoMhlaba.
Endleleni (kwaye ungakhathazeki, siya kwibhotolo yamandongomane), uFrost ukholelwa ukuba ufumene umphumo apho ikharbon diokside itsalelwa kwelona ziko lomhlaba linzulu, ioksijini ikhutshwa, kwaye ikhabhoni eseleyo ijikela iidayimani. Ukuphinda ayenze loo nto, wazama uvavanyo loxinzelelo oluphezulu ngebhotolo yamandongomane- kwaye wenza iidayimani.
Ibhotolo yamandongomane ilungile kuwe
Ngokujonga nje, kubonakala ngathi ibhotolo yamandongomane ingakulungela wena konke konke, ngakumbi xa ucinga Unyango lwezempilo ithi inxenye ye-100-gram iqulathe i-gram ezingama-50 zamafutha. Kodwa okoko ufumana ibhotolo yamandongomane ekumgangatho ophezulu (engenayo kakhulu iswekile okanye ioyile yemifuno), kunjalo akukubi kakhulu kuwe .
Ukuqala, ngumthombo omkhulu weprotheni: Imalunga neepesenti ezingama-25 zeprotheyini. Iphantsi kakhulu kwii-carbohydrate, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ayinampembelelo ininzi kumanqanaba eswekile yegazi lomntu, eyenza ukuba ilungele nabani na onesifo seswekile. Iphezulu kwiivithamini kunye neeminerals (njengeevithamini E, B3, kunye ne-B6, kunye ne-manganese), kwaye iphezulu kwii-antioxidants.
Ke, kuthekani ngomxholo wamafutha? Ngoku ka Ezempilo zeHarvard , iphezulu kumafutha angasetyenziswanga, kwaye ezo zilungile. Ukongeza, kubandakanya rhoqo amandongomane okanye i-nut butters kukutya kunxulunyaniswa nokuthintela isifo sentliziyo kunye nohlobo lweswekile 2. Amafutha azalisiweyo ngokumodareyitha alungile, kwaye kuba ibhotolo yamandongomane iza nezinto ezininzi ezintle, kuya kufuneka uzive ukhululekile ukufikelela kuloo jar ... ngokumodareyitha, ewe.
Sukuyilahla ingqayi yebhotolo yamandongomane okwangoku
Ifoto nguScott Olson / Getty Izithombe Kukho ingqayi yebhotolo yamandongomane ebehleli ekhabhathini yakho okwexeshana. Kubonakala kumnandi kancinci, kwaye kuyaqala ukwahlukana, ke ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba kuya kufuneka uyilahle? Hayi ngokukhawuleza.
Ngoku ka INzululwazi , Ibhotolo yamandongomane inokuchitha iinyanga ihleli kubushushu begumbi kwaye isakulungele ukutya ngokufanelekileyo. Kungenxa yokuba inamanqanaba okuswakama asezantsi ngendlela emangalisayo-kodwa umxholo weoyile ephezulu-ayizukujika i-rancid ngokukhawuleza njengokutya okuninzi. Uninzi lweebhaktheriya, ifungi kunye nesikhunta zifuna amanzi ukuze ziphile, kwaye sonke sivile ukuba ioyile namanzi awadibani, akunjalo? Ewe, ibhotolo yamandongomane inzima kwioyile kunye nokukhanya emanzini, oko kuthetha ukuba kukuchasene nomhlaba ogqibeleleyo wokuzalela iintsholongwane kunye nokunye ukungalunganga.
Kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba ukuba ibhotolo yakho yamandongomane inomaleko weoyile kuyo, unokuyivuselela kwakhona, kwaye iya kuba ilungile. Kodwa ihamba kakubi? Ewe, kodwa kuyakuthatha unyaka wonke ukuhlala phambi kokuba kwenziwe inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-rancidification. Kulapho ioksijini iqala khona ukophula amanqatha akhoyo, kwaye loo nto iyakutshintsha indlela enencasa nevumba ngayo. Kuya kuthatha ixesha ukuba yenzeke-umxholo wevithamini E ophezulu unceda ukulibazisa inkqubo-ke ulungile malunga neenyanga ezili-12 emva kokuthenga.
Kukho ibhotolo yamandongomane esindise ubomi obungenakubalwa
Facebook Isandwich ye-PB & J inokwenza ukuba usuku lwakho lukhanye kancinci, kodwa ngaba lunokutshintsha umhlaba? Uyabheja! IPlumpy'Nut yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwilingo laseNiger ngo-2005, itsho Ezizimeleyo . Ilizwe belijamelene nendlala, kwaye iPlumpy'Nut-ibhotolo yamandongomane ene-khalori ephezulu egcwele zonke iintlobo zokutya okunesondlo-yayiyimpumelelo kangangokuba ngo-2013, yayinceda abantwana abazizigidi ezibini abanokuthi bajongane nokungondleki.
Thatha nje iziphumo zetyala lokuqala. Phantse abantwana abangama-60,000-bonke bafunyaniswe benengxaki yokungondleki, banikwa iPlumpy'Nut, kwaye malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zabo bantwana baphinde bachacha ngokupheleleyo. Ayisiyonto imfutshane ukumangalisa.
Iingcali zithi (nge i-NPR ) ukuba imveliso kufuneka icingelwe ngakumbi njengeyeza kunokutya, kodwa inqanaba lempumelelo alinakuphikwa. Ipakethi enye inenani elilinganayo leekhalori njengamacandelo amabini eMcDonald's hamburger patties, amanqatha afanayo nesinye kwisithathu sentonga yebhotolo, ikhalsiyam yeekomityi ezintathu zobisi, kunye nevithamini C yeorenji. Yinto ethile esindisa ubomi ibhotolo yamandongomane, imveliso leyo I-UNICEF Iindleko zibiza nje i-68 yeedola kwisibonelelo seeveki ezintandathu.
Kuya kufuneka wenze ibhotolo yamandongomane ekhaya
Ngelixa kulula kwaye kufanelekile ukuthatha ingqayi yebhotolo yamandongomane evenkileni, ngokuqinisekileyo unokukhetha ukuzenzela ekhaya kwaye utsibe ityiwa eyongeziweyo, ioyile kunye neswekile ngokupheleleyo. Kulula kakhulu: Sifumene ukuba ungayenza ngokulahla amandongomane kwiprosesa yokutya ngoncamathiselo lweblade okanye kwi-blender. Yigijime kude kube yile nto uyithandayo, umise yonke iminithi okanye ukutyhala amandongomane ubuyele ezantsi, kwaye ugqibile. Yiyo kanye!
Kukho ezinye izinto ezimbalwa onokuzenza nawe. Thenga amandongomane asele wosiwe okanye uwose owakho ehovini kangangemizuzu embalwa ukuze ufumane incasa eyongezelelekileyo. Kwaye xa uthetha ngevumba elongeziweyo, ungalibali ukuzama ukongeza ezinye izithako kumxube nazo. Phosa ezinye iichips zeetshokholethi ezincinci, yongeza intwana yobusi, isinamoni, okanye ityuwa yolwandle, okanye uthini ngevanilla okanye ikhokhonathi? Ngokukrakra, ngekhe uphinde ungeze ibhotolo yamandongomane kuluhlu lwakho lokutya kwakhona.
