Izigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, phambi kokuba abantu bahambe emhlabeni, inkawu yafumanisa into entsha ephathwayo kumgangatho wehlathi: iqhekeza lesiqhamo esivuthwe kakhulu. Ivumba elinamandla le-ethanol eliphuma kwinyama ebilayo lamtsalela kwii kilojoule ezixabisekileyo zemveliso, yaye eso siqhamo sasikhuselekile ukuba singatyiwa kuba obo tywala babugxotha iintsholongwane. Wayonwabela incasa, kwaye wafumana ukungxama okumnandi kunye nesisu esigcweleyo. Iinkawu ezitsaleleke kwivumba kunye nencasa yotywala zinokuba nenzuzo ekhethiweyo: zazikwazi ukufumana kwaye zitye iziqhamo ezinomsoco kunezo zingahendwanga yiyo, ziphucula impilo yazo kwaye zibenza bakwazi ukuzala rhoqo. Oku kulandela ukuba ezi nkawu zondliwa kakuhle zazinokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba zigqithise imizila yemfuza ekhokelela kwinzala yazo ukuba ifune oku kubhaqwa okunencasa, nokugaywa lula-kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ezi ntlobo zemfuza zafumana indlela yazo ebantwini.
Funda ngokugqithisileyo: IiNzuzo zeMpilo zokuSela iWayini
Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'yinkawu enxilileyo', ixhaswa nguRobert Dudley, Ph.D., ingcali yenzululwazi yendalo ephilayo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, ngelixa iphikiswana ngayo, inokucacisa ukuqala kokuthanda kwethu utywala. Namhlanje, iipesenti ezingama-73 zaseMelika zihlala zisela utywala, ukusuka kuma-65 ekhulwini ngo-2002, ngokutsho kophando lwakutsha nje olupapashwe kwiphephancwadi. JAMA Psychiatry . Sihlala sincokola ngee-cocktails, siphosa iibhiya ngasemva sibukele iminyhadala yezemidlalo, senza lula usuku olunoxinzelelo ngeglasi entle yayo nantoni na oyithandayo. Kwaye ayiphelelanga nje ekubeni sisela kakhulu, kodwa isifundo sifumanise ukuba sisela kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kotywala okusemngciphekweni omkhulu phakathi kwabasetyhini kuye kwanda ngeepesenti ezingama-58 ukususela ngo-2002, kwaye ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala kuye kwadubula ama-84 ekhulwini. Kumadoda, ukusetyenziswa komngcipheko ophezulu kunyuke ngeepesenti ze-16, ngelixa ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kotywala kuye kwanyuka ngama-35 ekhulwini. (Jonga 'Ukusela Kuchaziwe,' ngezantsi malunga noko kugqalwa njengokuyingozi ukusetyenziswa kotywala.) Phakathi kwabantu abadala baseMelika abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu, loo manani angaphezulu: i-65 pesenti kunye ne-107 pesenti ngokulandelanayo.
Amanani awothusayo, xa kujongwa ukuba kubi kangakanani ukusela utywala ngokugqithisileyo emizimbeni yethu. Kodwa mhlawumbi ayisiyongxaki njengeendaba zamva nje zokuba kwanabo basela ngokufanelekileyo basenokubeka impilo yethu emngciphekweni. Ekwindla yokugqibela, enkulu, uphononongo lwehlabathi jikelele lwezifundo ezipapashwe kwi ILancet yathi, 'Akukho tywala bukhuselekile ukuselwa.' Ixesha. Ukuphela kwesivakalisi. Kwaye kwalandela iintloko-ndaba eziqaqambileyo eziphuma kuzo zonke iindaba eziphambili-ukwandisa isigqibo sophononongo kwaye ngokuchaseneyo nenkolelo yamashumi eminyaka yokuba ukusela utywala obuphakathi kuluncedo kwimpilo yentliziyo.
Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka sincame iglasi yethu yasebusuku?
Hayi akunjalo kwakona.
Xa ugrumba kwizinto ezifihlakeleyo kunye nezithintelo kwesi sifundo esitsha shiny-kwaye, kubaluleke kakhulu, ukunika ubunzima kwinto yokuba, abaninzi, ukusela luyolo olusisiseko lwangaphakathi, njengoko loo nkawu yafumanisa-izibakala zikude buzzkill bona. ndenziwe ukuba.
Ukucaca, akukho mntu uphikisayo ukuba ukugqithisa rhoqo kuyingxaki enkulu yempilo. Utywala yitoxin, emva koko. Ngexabiso eliphezulu kwiminyaka emininzi, ukusela kunokonakalisa isibindi sakho, imithambo yegazi kunye nentliziyo. Kwakhona kwandisa ukudumba kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi kwaye kunokuguqula ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza, okukhokelela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza kunye nezinye iingxaki. Kwaye ngaxa lithile, ukusela kakhulu kunokuba likhoboka elipheleleyo. Ukuphikisana kulele ekubeni ukusela okuphakathi-iglasi emnandi ye-cabernet okanye i-IPA-ikhuselekile.
Utywala Bubizwe Umbuzo
Kangangeminyaka, besixelelwa ewe, rhabula kude-ilungele intliziyo yakho. (Nangona kukho ubungqina obunxulumanisa ukusetyenziswa kotywala nobungozi bomhlaza, ngakumbi umhlaza wamabele.) Elo cebiso libuyela emva kwiminyaka yoo-1990, xa i-craze enamafutha aphantsi yayibambe abantu baseMelika kwindlela yayo-kwaye sasisoyika ukuba ukutya amanqatha nangaluphi na uhlobo. angasinika isifo sentliziyo. Kodwa ngo-1991, i-60 Minutes yasasaza isiqendu kwi-paradox yesiFrentshi-ukuqonda ukuba nangona abantu baseFransi babenokutya okunamafutha aphezulu okubandakanya i-buttery croissants, i-frites kunye ne-Brie, umngcipheko wabo wesifo senhliziyo wawuphantsi. Umamkeli, uMorley Safer, wabuza uSerge Renaud, M.D., Ph.D., isazinzulu sophando kwiFrench National Institute of Health and Medical Research, kutheni. Impendulo yakhe: imilinganiselo ephakathi yewayini ebomvu kunye nokutya. Abantu baseMelika bavuya-ukusela iwayini kunokusindisa iintliziyo zethu kwizidlo zethu ezinamafutha aphezulu!-kwaye ukuthengiswa kwewayini kunyukile. Ngo-1992, uRenaud walandela ibango ngesifundo esixhasa ithiyori yakhe. Kwaye uphando nge-resveratrol, i-antioxidant kwiwayini ebomvu ekholelwa ukuba ikhusela isifo senhliziyo kunye nokukhuthaza ubomi obude, ilandelwe phakathi kwe-'90s.(Jonga 'Ibali leDolophu leResveratrol,' ngezantsi, ngakumbi ngaloo nto.)
Kodwa ukusukela ngoko, uphononongo kumaqela amakhulu abantu, besebenzisa iindlela zale mihla, bathe cwaka besakha imeko yokuba ukusela utywala okunene akuboneleli ngezi nzuzo. Kwaye i-2018 yayilixesha elibi kakhulu kwabo bangena phantsi kwengubo yempilo. UMax Griswold, MA, isazinzulu sophando esiphezulu kwiYunivesithi yaseWashington, wapapasha isihloko esithi Isifundo seLancet ngentsebenziswano namakhulu oogxa abavela kwihlabathi jikelele. Idityaniswe kunye isixa esikhulu solwazi olusuka kumazwe ali-195 ukuya kwimagnum enye yephepha.
Abaphandi bazama ukulungisa iingxaki ezimbalwa ezifunyenwe kwizifundo zangaphambili: iinkumbulo zabantu malunga nokutya kunye nokusela isiselo ziyaziwa ngokungachanekanga, ngoko ke ukongeza kuvavanyo lwabathathi-nxaxheba kwimikhwa yabo yokusela, basebenzise idatha ekuthengisweni kotywala kwaye bahlengahlengise isixa abakhenkethi abasele. nakwabo basela emakhaya. Uninzi lophando lwangaphambili kwiziphumo zempilo zokusela utywala ngokulula luthelekisa abantu abaselayo nabo bangaselanga. Kodwa kukho ingxaki enkulu kuloo nto. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abangazidliyo banengxaki yempilo, imbali yokuba likhoboka lotywala okanye ilungu losapho elinotywala-yiyo loo nto bekhetha ukungaseli. Ukongeza, abantu abaninzi abajonga utywala benza oko kuba bengenako ukuyihlawula. (Ii JAMA Psychiatry uphononongo lwafumanisa ukuba 64 ekhulwini abantu abanemivuzo yamakhaya ngaphantsi kweedola ezingama-20,000 ngonyaka basela, xa kuthelekiswa nama-81 ekhulwini abo bafumana i-70,000 yeedola okanye ngaphezulu.) Kwaye imivuzo ephantsi inxulumene nempilo enkenenkene. Ke ngelixa kwizifundo zangaphambili kwakubonakala ngathi utywala sisizathu sokuba abantu abaselayo abaphakathi babenomngcipheko ophantsi wesifo sentliziyo kunye nezinye iingxaki, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yokuba ii-teetotalers zidla ngokungabi sempilweni.
UGriswold kunye nabanye ababhali bokufunda bathathele ingqalelo yonke loo nto njengoko babehlalutya izifundo ezingama-592 ebeziqhutywa ngaphambili. Isiphumo sotywala kwiziphumo zempilo ezahlukeneyo ezingama-23, kubandakanya iingozi, umhlaza, isifo seswekile, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zentliziyo, isifo sesibindi kunye nesifo sohlangothi. , ngaphezu kokongeza idatha yabo entsha kunye neendlela zokucubungula ulwazi. Isiphelo sabo: 'Inqanaba lokusela utywala elicuthe ubungozi kuzo zonke iziphumo zempilo yaba ziziselo eziqhelekileyo eziziro ngeveki.' Nangona abaphandi baye babona umngcipheko ophantsi we-coronary heart disease-uhlobo olunokukhokelela ekuhlaselweni kwentliziyo-phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini abasela isiselo esinye ngosuku (i-14 kunye ne-18 yeepesenti yehla, ngokulandelanayo), amathuba azo zonke iintlobo imihlaza iye yanda ngenkonzo nganye yotywala. Kanye ngelo xesha, ilizwi lokuba akukho tywala bungenabungozi busasazwa njengewayini ebomvu kwilaphu letafile elimhlophe. 'Ndifumene imibuzo emininzi kwizigulana,' utsho uDavid Katz, M.D., M.P.H., umlawuli weZiko loPhando ngoThintelo lweYunivesithi yaseYale kwiSibhedlele saseGriffin kunye nelungu lebhodi yeengcebiso yaseTokyolunchstreet.'Akuthandabuzeki, isifundo siye sachukumisa ngokwenene kwaye senza abantu baxhalabile.'
'Akukho mbuzo, uphononongo luye lwachukumiseka ngokwenene kwaye lwenza abantu baxhalaba.'- UDavid Katz, M.D., M.P.H.
Nangona kunjalo, jonga idatha ngokusondeleyo-kwaye uthethe noGriswold ngokwakhe-kwaye kucacile ukuba ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo azahlukanga kakhulu kwinani lezinye izifundo zamva nje ezifike kwizigqibo ezahlukileyo kakhulu. Kulo April, umzekelo, u-Angela Wood, Ph.D., i-biostatistician kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, upapashe iphepha (nakhona ILancet ) eyavavanya iziphumo zotywala kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesifo sentliziyo kunye nokufa nangasiphi na isizathu. Emva kokulandela abantu abaphantse babe ngama-600,000 iminyaka esixhenxe enesiqingatha, ngokomndilili, uWood wafumanisa ukuba okukhona usela, kokukhona ukhula amathuba okuba ube sistroke, ukusilela kwentliziyo, isifo esibulalayo se-hypertension, i-aortic aneurysm ebulalayo kunye nesifo se-coronary. Umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa yintliziyo, kwelinye icala, wawungaphantsi kweepesenti ezi-6 phakathi kwabo basela i-100 grams yotywala ngeveki, okanye malunga nesiselo ngosuku. Ngaphezu koko, umngcipheko wokufa awuzange unyuke kakhulu de umntu abe nesiselo esingaphezulu kwesiselo semihla ngemihla. Ngokophononongo lukaWood, ukusela utywala obuphakathi akuyongozi kwimpilo yakho.Kwaye a NgoJuni 2018 isifundo kwi Amayeza e-PLoS wafumanisa ukuba ukusela utywala phakathi kwesiselo esinye kunye nesithathu ngeveki akuzange kuphakamise ingozi yomhlaza phakathi kwabantu abadala. (Funda ngakumbi malunga ukutya okufuneka sikutye ukunceda ukuthintela umhlaza .)
Kwenzeka njani ukuba inzululwazi ingavisisani? Ngenxa yokuba idatha yokwenyani kwiGriswold's I-Lancet iphepha (ngokuchaseneyo nesishwankathelo sezinto ezifunyanisiweyo zokuba abathandi bewayini aboyikayo kuyo yonke indawo) libonisa ukunyuka okuncinci, okuncinci kwingozi yesifo kude kube malunga nesiselo esinxilisayo ngosuku, njengezinye izifundo. 'Into esiyibonisayo-kunye noGriswold kunye noogxa bakhe babonisa-ukuba umngcipheko jikelele ubonakala ukhuphuka xa usela ngaphezu koku,' utsho uWood. UGriswold uyavuma: 'Umngcipheko unyuka ngesantya esicothayo ukuya kwindawo apho ndiziva ndiqinisekile ukuba ukuba ndisela enye ngosuku, ndiya kuba Kulungile. Ndicinga ukuba iziphumo zethu zilandeleka kakuhle.'
Inyaniso yeTipsy
Ke i-rosé encinci ngoku kwaye ke mhlawumbi ayikuncedi ukuba uphile ixesha elide, kodwa ayikubekeli nesifo, nayo. Umbuzo ngowokuba leliphi inqanaba lomngcipheko ozimisele ukuwamkela. Ekuphenduleni iphepha likaGriswold, i-statistician David Spiegelhalter, Ph.D., usihlalo we-Winton Centre yeNgcipheko kunye noBungqina boNxibelelwano kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge kunye neengcali zokunxibelelana ngomngcipheko kuluntu, wabhala, 'Ukufaka isimangalo ukuba akukho' 'ekhuselekileyo'. inqanaba alibonakali njengengxoxo yokuyeka. Akukho mgangatho ukhuselekileyo wokuqhuba, kodwa oorhulumente abakhuthazi ukuba abantu bakuphephe ukuqhuba. Khawufan’ ucinge, akukho nqanaba likhuselekileyo lokuphila, kodwa akukho mntu unokucebisa ukuba umntu arhoxe.’
'Ukubanga ukuba akukho nqanaba 'elikhuselekileyo' akubonakali kuyingxoxo yokuyeka. Akukho mgangatho ukhuselekileyo wokuqhuba, kodwa oorhulumente abakhuthazi ukuba abantu bakuphephe ukuqhuba.' -David Spiegelhalter
U-Angela Wood uyibeke kwi-visceral terms. Ngokophando lwakhe, ukuba usela ngaphezu kwesinye kodwa ngaphantsi kweziselo ezimbini ngosuku, ubude bakho bokuphila kwiminyaka engama-40 bunokuba ziinyanga ezintandathu mfutshane kunokuba unesiselo esinxilisayo esinye okanye ezimbalwa imihla ngemihla. Yidla phakathi kweziselo ezibini nezine ngosuku kwaye ngokwezibalo uyakuphila unyaka omnye ukuya kwemibini ngaphantsi. USpiegelhalter uthi ukusuka kwisiselo esinye ukuya kwezimbini ngemini kuyafana, ngokwempilo, njengoko uchitha iiyure ezimbini ezingaphezulu uhleli esofeni (ukuziphatha ngokuthula kwaziwa njengento embi kwimpilo yakho).
Ngokwenene, i I-Lancet Uphononongo lwezibalo zehlabathi jikelele lubonisa ukuba ukuba abantu abadala abayi-100,000 abaseli utywala unyaka omnye, abangama-914 kubo bema ukuphuhlisa esinye sezifo esijongwa liphepha. Ukuba abantu abafanayo be-100,000 basela isiselo esinye ngosuku, i-918 iya kuphuhlisa enye yezo ngxaki zempilo. Yimeko ezine nje ezongezelelekileyo. Ukusela iiseshini ezimbini zotywala mihla le kutyhala elo nani ukuya kuthi ga kuma-977 (ukuxilongwa okungaphezulu kwama-63) kunye nokuphinda ubuye umva iziselo ezihlanu ngemini kuthetha ukuba abantu abali-1,252 baya kuba nengxaki (i-338 yoxilongo olongezelelweyo).
Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqaphela: ekubeni uphando lweLancet lusebenzisa ulwazi oluvela kubantu kwihlabathi lonke-ukusuka ePortugal ukuya kwiDemocratic Republic of Congo-amanqanaba omngcipheko abanzi kakhulu kuba adibanisa kunye nabo bahlala kumazwe amabini aphezulu kunye nemivuzo ephantsi. izidlo ezahlukeneyo kunye nendlela yokuphila, nabasela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zotywala, ukusuka kwezona wayini zigqwesileyo ukuya kukukhanya kwenyanga. Kwakhona bathwaxwa ziintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo. Isifo sephepha, esinye, sesona sizathu siphambili sokufa okunxulumene notywala kwihlabathi liphela, kodwa hayi kakhulu e-US 'Uphononongo lubonise ukuba abantu abafumani ncedo lwezempilo kutywala. Kodwa ayizange ithethe nto ngabantu abaluphapheleyo ukusela kwabo,’ utsho uKatz.
Ukuba nokwenzeka kwakho ukuba ube nesifo esithile etywaleni mhlawumbi kwahluke kakhulu kummelwane wakho okanye kuluntu ngokubanzi. Abantu bakwaneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zejini ebizwa ngokuba yi-alcohol dehydrogenase esaphula i-ethanol, inceda umzimba wakho ukuba uyiqhube ngokukhawuleza okanye kancinci. Abasetyhini, umzekelo, badla ngokuvelisa malunga nesiqingatha se-alcohol dehydrogenase eyenziwa ngamadoda, esona sizathu siyintloko sokuba utywala bubachaphazele ngakumbi. Ubungakanani bomzimba nabo bubalulekile. Kwaye wonke umntu amathuba okuba sisifo ahlukile. 'Ukuba ungumfazi ongenawo umngcipheko we-cardiovascular risk kunye nembali eqinile yentsapho yomhlaza wesifuba, kunokwenzeka ukuba wenzekaliswe, kuba utywala bubonakala bunegalelo kumngcipheko womhlaza webele,' kuchaza uKatz. 'Kodwa ukuba awunayo imbali yentsapho yomhlaza kwaye unemingcipheko yesifo sentliziyo, unokufumana inzuzo yezempilo kwizixa ezilinganiselweyo zotywala.' Ubonisa ukuba kukho iindlela ezikhuselekileyo zokunciphisa amathuba akho okuba uthembele kutywala-njengokuhambahamba yonke imihla.Sekunjalo, kuyanceda ukubeka izinto ngendlela efanelekileyo.
Isibakala Solonwabo
Uninzi lwethu alunaxesha okanye utyekelo lokwenza izibalo zengqondo ngalo lonke ixesha sifuna ukusela. Ekuphela kwento esiyikhathaleleyo kukuphumla kwaye sonwabele umzuzu wolonwabo. Kwaye imiba yolonwabo (Zama ezi ezinye ukutya okusixhenxe okonyusa umoya ).
Ubuchopho bethu bunobunzima bokusukela izinto ezifana nokutya, isondo kunye notywala. Ukusela kubangela ukukhutshwa kwee-endorphins zokuziva ulungile kwaye kwandisa amanqanaba e-dopamine, i-neurotransmitter ekhanyisa iziko lomvuzo wengqondo yakho. Ezinye izinto ezininzi, njengobugcisa nomculo, nazo ziyayikhuthaza le sekethi ixhaphakileyo. Izifundo azikabonakalisi ukuba uyolo lwe-hedonic olusulungekileyo-laa mzuzu wovuyo ufumana ngokungcamla iqhekeza letshokholethi elungileyo okanye ukusefa i-martini emdaka-linxulunyaniswa neziphumo ezingcono zempilo. Noko ke, okuye kwanxulunyaniswa nalo, ligama lesiGrike elithi eudaemonia—igama lesiGrike elithetha ukuziva usempilweni nokwaneliseka, ukunandipha ubomi obutofotofo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba xa abantu befumana olu hlobo lokwaneliseka, amajoni abo omzimba asebenza ngcono, imizimba yabo ikwazi ukulwa neentsholongwane, kunye namanqanaba okudumba-uhlobo olunxulunyaniswa nazo zonke iintlobo zeemeko, njengomhlaza, isifo seswekile, ukutyeba nesifo sentliziyo. -nciphisa.
Ngaba i-mcdonalds ineesaladi
'Ukuba uyasela, sela nje kancinci. Ukuba usela kakhulu, sela kancinci kakhulu.'
Omnye wabaphandi abambalwa abafunda ulonwabo nguMorten Kringelbach, Ph.D., unjingalwazi wenzululwazi yemithambo-luvo kwidyunivesithi yaseAarhus (eDenmark) naseOxford. Uthi utywala budla ngokuba lisango lentlalontle. 'Ukuba beninokwakha ingxabano malunga neengenelo zotywala, ngenene ibiya kuba ngamava asekuhlaleni okuba phakathi kwabanye,' utsho. 'Ukusela kusebenza njengesithambiso. Ivumela abantu ukuba babe ngeli xesha, kwaye bazivulele kwabanye ngendlela ebebengayi kuba nayo ngenye indlela. Logama nje abawubaxiyo, ngumba wokwenene lowo. Kukho umzekeliso omkhulu othi: 'Umntu liyeza lomntu.' Isenokuba 'Umfazi liyeza lomfazi'; kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo yile: eyona nto isigcina sisempilweni kukuba kunye nabanye abantu.'
Izifundo ngotywala kunye nempilo ziyaqhubeka kwaye akukho mntu uzenza ngathi unelizwi lokugqibela. Ke okwangoku, nguwe kuphela owaziyo indawo efanelekileyo yotywala ebomini bakho. Umbono kaWood uthi, 'Ukuba uyasela, vele usele kancinci. Ukuba usela kakhulu, sela kancinci kakhulu.' Kwaye ukuba ukhetha ukusela, yonwabele-ngokukhethekileyo xa kunye nabanye. 'Ungayenzeli impilo, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba uyincame ngenxa yempilo,' utsho uKatz. 'Ndisela iwayini kuba iyonwabisa. Andithembeli kobo tywala ukuba bundenze ndibe sempilweni, kodwa ndibufaka ngobulumko ekutyeni kwam kuba lungumthombo wolonwabo olukhulu. Yaye oko kufanele kube yintshukumisa ephambili yokusela utywala.'
Dinga uncedo? Ukuba wena okanye othandekayo unengxaki ngotywala, yiya ku samhsa.gov okanye aa.org ngenkxaso kunye nonyango onokukhetha kulo kwindawo yakho.
Imbali yasezidolophini ye-resveratrol
Izifundo zakwangoko ezifumene le antioxidant inokuthintela iiplatelets zegazi ukuba zingadibani (ngaloo ndlela zithintele ukuhlaselwa yintliziyo) zenziwe ikakhulu kwiimpuku ezinikwe iidosi ezinkulu ze-resveratrol.
Umntu kuya kufuneka asele iibhotile zewayini ebomvu eziphantse zibe ngama-700 ngosuku ukuze afumane ixabiso elilinganayo. Kwaye uphononongo olulandelayo lubonise inzuzo encinci yentliziyo kulo naluphi na uhlobo lotywala okoko nje ukuselwa bekunentsingiselo ephantsi ukuba iziphumo zempilo yentliziyo azizange zithe ngqo kwi-resveratrol kodwa kwinto esetywaleni ngokwayo. Kwaye ngoku, kwanezo zibonelelo zincinci zinokuthandabuzeka.
Ukusela kuchaziwe
Nantsi indlela urhulumente aphume ngayo umngcipheko ngokuchasene nokuselwa kotywala okufanelekileyo.
Ukusela ukukhanya Isiselo esi-1 ukuya kwezi-6 ngeveki
UkuSetyenziswa kotywala ngokuLungeneyo Iziselo ezi-7 ngeveki zabasetyhini, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-14 kumadoda
Umngcipheko ophezulu/ukusetyenziswa kotywala obunzima Iziselo ezi-3 okanye ngaphezulu ngesihlandlo esinye okanye ngaphezulu kwe-7 ngeveki kubasetyhini; ngaphezu kweziselo ze-4 yonke imihla okanye ngaphezulu kwe-14 ngeveki kumadoda.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala Ukungakwazi ukuyeka okanye ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kotywala.
Utywala ukutyhubela iminyaka
Jonga kwimbali yokusela ukusuka kwisiselo esinxilisayo sokuqala ukuya kwi-craft beer boom yanamhlanje.
7000-6600 BCE Ukulungiselela abantu utywala kuyaqala. Uhlalutyo lweengqayi zomdongwe ezifunyenwe eMntla China zikhomba kwisiselo esivundisiweyo esenziwe ngerayisi, ubusi, iidiliya kunye namaqunube e-hawthorn.
Ngowama-3400 BCE Eyona ndawo indala ehlabathini, eHierakonpolis, eYiputa, ivelisa iilitha ezingama-300 zebhiya ngosuku.
~2500 BCE Abasebenzi abakha iiphiramidi zaseGiza bafumana umxhesho wemihla ngemihla we-11/3 yeegaloni zebhiya (malunga ne-5% yotywala ngomthamo).
2000-1700 BCE Imveliso yewayini iba yinto eqhelekileyo eGreece kwaye iwayini ijongwa kakhulu kwaye ibhalwe ngayo. Imbongi ethi Panyasis ikhetha iwayini ifana nomlilo, uncedo kunye nesiqabu esimnandi.
160 BCE AmaRoma aqalisa ukulima iidiliya kumajoni anikwa iwayini njengenxalenye yesabelo sawo njengoko esoyisa imihlaba.
100 AD Iwayini lelona candelo liphambili lesithethe sobuKristu, kwisikhumbuzo seSidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela. Kwaye amaKristu ayaqhubeka esela iwayini njengenxalenye ephambili ye-Eucharist.
1400s Abantu baseSpain abafika kwihlabathi elitsha bayaqaphela ukuba abantu baseMesoamerican benza utywala. Besebenzisa iindlela zaseYurophu zokugalela amanzi, benza inguqulelo eyomeleleyo, ebizwa ngokuba yimezcal.
1634 Umthetho ufuna ukuba yonke idolophu yaseNew England ibe ne-'ordinarie'-indlu yabahambi ukondla kunye nendlu yabahambi, ukuthengisa utywala obumiselwe ngexabiso likarhulumente, iwayini kunye nespirit.
1920-1933 I-Prohibition inqanda ukuveliswa, ukungeniswa, ukuthuthwa kunye nokuthengiswa kotywala e-US Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kwehla ngesiqingatha. Kodwa ukusela kuphinde kwaphindaphindeka kwakhona kwiminyaka embalwa-ukuya kuqikelelwa kuma-60 ukuya kuma-70% wenqanaba lawo langaphambili lokuThintela.
1935 I-Alcoholics Anonymous iyadalwa.
1970 Iziko leSizwe lokuSetyenziswa kakubi koTywala kunye nokuSetyenziswa koTywala liyasekwa, lixhaswa nguSen. Harold Hughes (D-Iowa), ikhoboka lotywala elichachayo.
1980 Oomama abachasene nokuDlalwa kweDrank yasekwa.
1984 Umongameli uRonald Reagan utyikitya umthetho owonyusa ubuncinci beminyaka yokusela kuzwelonke ukusuka kwi-18 ukuya kuma-21.
1988 UMthetho wokuFakwa kweLebhile yesiselo esinxilisayo uyapasiswa, ofuna izilumkiso malunga nokusebenza kwemoto okanye abanye oomatshini ngelixa unxilile, kunye nokungaseli ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
2012-2017 I-Craft beer iba sisiselo esinxilisayo 'it'. Inani lemizi-mveliso yobuchwephesha e-US lenyuka ukusuka kwi-2,420 ukuya kwi-6,266 kule minyaka mihlanu-ibanga i-23% yentengiso yebhiya yaseMelika.
uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-oatmeal kunye nesidudu
Ifoto nguTed kunye noChelsea Cavanaugh
