Funda ngakumbi malunga nengxoxo malunga nombona oguqulwe ngokwemfuza ngokuchasene nombona wendalo, kwaye ufumanise ukuba ungawuthenga njani owona mbona ulungileyo. Bukela: Umlimi uchaza ukuba ziyintoni na iiGMOs
Ndibeka esichengeni songquzulwano olungasemva, ndaqhawula iziqhoboshi ndagwedla kutsalwa wegrabile kwindawo yemveliso esecaleni kwendlela kwidolophu yethu. Izikhwebu zombona oswiti zazipakishwe njenge cordwood, ekuqaleni konyaka. Ndachola elinye ndaxobula ikhoba, ndisezela ivumba elimnandi lemifuno kwaye ndinkcenkceshela kwiinkozo ezityebileyo, ezineperile.
'Ngaba le yalapha?' Ndibuze kulaa mfo ubhityileyo, etshiswe lilanga ekhupha iindlebe engxoweni. Wawacima amehlo. 'Hayi,' wambombozela, 'umzala wam wayikhulisa eMonkton.' IMonkton yidolophu eselumelwaneni, malunga neekhilomitha ezintathu kude.
Ukunyaniseka kwakhe kwakunokuqhutywa kukunyaniseka okanye ukuzigcina. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo abanye babathengi bakhe babesigqala isivuno sedolophu yethu njengesona siphakamileyo kunaso nasiphi na esilinywa kwenye idolophu. Emva kokuba ndibuyele ekhaya, ndinike ii-cobs ukuntywila ngokukhawuleza emanzini abilayo kwaye ndaqala ukutya umbona wam wokuqala malunga neenyanga ezili-10-ibhotolo, eswiti kunye ne-corn-y-y-kwaye ndiziva ndingenaxhala malunga nokungcatsha ukunyaniseka kwedolophu yasekhaya.
Abantu baseMelika bawuthatha nzulu umbona wabo oswiti: akukho nto ithi 'ehlotyeni' ngobuchule njengokukrazulwa kweenkozo kwisikhwebu. Kwaye kukho ukufaneleka kwesimo se-purists: xa usondela kwi-stovetop yakho umbona oswiti ukhulile, uya kuba ngcono. Kwisizukulwana esidlulileyo, umbona wamisela umgaqo-nkqubo ongqongqo wendawo, kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ixesha. Ngomhla emva kokunyulwa, isiqingatha seswekile kwiindidi ezindala, ezifana ne-Golden Bantam (eyaziswa ngo-1902) kunye ne-Silver Queen (1955), iya kuba yisitashi. Oko kwatshintsha ngeminyaka yoo-1950 xa uJohn Laughman weDyunivesithi yase-Illinois wawela umvumvuzelwano weentlobo ezintathu zombona ukuze enze uhlobo oluxubileyo olwalungekho mnandi nje kuphela kodwa lukwazile ukugcina ubumnandi balo ixesha elide. Umsebenzi kaLaughman usungule inguqu ye-saccharine ebangele ukuba izikhwebu zibe mnandi ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunezo zangaphambili kwaye zihlala ziswiti iiveki, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ishishini levenkile enkulu liyazithanda izinto. Kodwa ngokugxininisa 'kuswiti,' abalimi baye balityeshela elinye igama elibalulekileyo, 'umbona,' kwaye incasa yesignesha yasehlotyeni idla ngokuthuliswa ngokufana kweswekile.
Ndandifuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngalo mbona umakhulu notamkhulu. Ngoko ndaya kutyelela uKevin Smith, ophethe iiFama zaseSycamore kumantla eNew York. Ukutsho ukuba i-buff eneminyaka engama-31 ubudala iingcambu ezikhula umbona zingena nzulu kukungacaci; uyise noyisemkhulu ngaphambi kwakhe babeziphilisa ngamasimi ombona oswiti. Kwaye ayingowo nawuphi na umbona oswiti. Ukusuka kwiihektare ezingama-237 azigcina iyure enesiqingatha kumntla weSixeko saseNew York, uSmith ukhulisa umbona oswiti kwezinye zezona nkalakala zifunwa kakhulu elizweni, kubandakanya neendawo zokutyela zaseManhattan ezikwisiphelo esiphezulu njengeGramercy Tavern. USmith uphepha ezona ntlobo zintsha zombona, endaweni yoko zikhula iintlobo ezinje ngeProvidence, ISityhilelo kunye neDelectable, ezibetha ulungelelwano olugqibeleleyo, zihlale ziswiti ixesha elide kodwa zipakishe incasa yombona wokwenyani. 'Ndithanda yonke into ngombona oswiti,' utsho. 'Iphantse yafana nokutya okukhawulezileyo kwendalo. Iza kwiphakheji encinci ecocekileyo. Uyikrazula nje kwisikhondo. Akukho nto ibhetele.' USmith uhlala etshaya isikhwebu aze asitye ekrwada endle kwisidlo sakusasa.
Kodwa kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, uSmith waqaphela ukwehla kwentengiso kwindawo yakhe yokuma eManhattan's Union Square Greenmarket. 'Ndicinga ukuba abathengi bam babegalela wonke umbona kwi-emele enye,' utsho. 'Umbona wentsimi, umbona oswiti, i-GMO, isiraphu yengqolowa ene-fructose ephezulu ... abanye abantu bavele bayeka ukuyidla.'
Kukho ukubhideka okuninzi ngombona. Ifumene igama elibi ngenxa yento eyenzekileyo ngombona wasendle, owahluke kakhulu kumbona oswiti. Ivunwa xa iinkozo zayo ziqinile kwaye zomile, umbona wasesimini sisityalo sentengiso esisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezifana nokutya kwemfuyo, i-ethanol, isiraphu yengqolowa ene-fructose ephezulu, ioli yombona, utywala kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zokutya ezicutshungulwayo: iicookies, imayonnaise, imajarini. .. Ukwaziswa phakathi kwe-1990s, imbewu ye-GMO (i-GMO) ivelisa phantse i-90 ekhulwini yengqolowa yasendle e-United States (kunye neepesenti ezingaphezu kwe-90 zesoya kunye ne-canola). Ngokungafaniyo nezityalo ezixutyiweyo, ezidalwe ngokusasazwa kwepoleni, izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza zinemisonto ye-DNA eyongeziweyo ukuphumeza iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo.
itshokolethi eshushu yenza isiselo esibandayo senkanyezi
Kwaye ekupheleni kuka-2011, i-DowAgrichemical yanyusa izibonda ngombona wasemasimini ngokufaka isicelo semvume kwi-FDA yokuthengisa umbona we-GMO onganyangekiyo ku-2, 4-D, umchiza wokutshabalalisa ukhula owawulicandelo kwi-Agent ye-Orange yexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye isasetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezininzi zokunakekelwa kwengca yasekhaya. Kubantu abasebenza nge-2, i-4-D, ikhemikhali idibaniswe nomhlaza, ukuphazamiseka kwehomoni, ubunzima bokuzala kunye neziphene zokuzalwa, ngokweSebe lezabasebenzi laseMelika. Kwiindawo ezikhulayo zengqolowa apho i-2, i-4-D kunye ne-pesticides ehambelanayo isetyenziswe ngobuninzi obukhulu, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ifumene amazinga aphezulu-aqhelekileyo okukhubazeka kokujikeleza kunye nokuphefumula kokuphefumula.
Ngokungafaniyo nombona wasendle, abalimi bombona oswiti baye bacotha ukutyala imbewu ye-GMO. Malunga neehektare ezingama-700,000, umbona oswiti uhlala ngaphantsi kwekhulu le-acreage enikelwe kwintsimi yombona eU.S. Uninzi lutotiwe okanye lukhenkceziswe. Umbona esiwutyayo umtsha ulinywa kwiihektare ezingama-250,000 kuphela. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo kuphela sisi-3 ukuya kwisi-4 ekhulwini sombona oswiti owakhuliswa e-United States owavela kwimbewu yombona oswiti eguqulwe ngokwemfuza, iSyngenta, inkampani yoshishino lwezolimo yehlabathi, eyaziswa kwiminyaka eli-15 eyadlulayo. IMonsanto inethemba lokutshintsha konke oko.
Kweli hlotyeni okokuqala, amafama atyala imbewu yeMonsanto esanda kuvunywa, eguqulwe ngokwemfuza yePerformance sweet-corn. I-Monsanto ijolise kwisihlunu sayo sokuthengisa kwi-conic corn kwi-cob. 'Umbona wethu oswiti yimveliso esanda kuthengiswa eza kuthengiswa endlebeni.' utshilo uCarly Scaduto, umphathi wonxibelelwano lwemifuno eMonsanto. Ngekhe adize ukuba kuzakutyalwa malini kulo nyaka.
Umbona omtsha wenziwa i-bioengineered ukuze uphile kwizicelo ze-glyphosate (ethengiswa phantsi kwegama lokuthengisa i-Roundup), i-herbicide etshabalalisa ukhula olukhuphisanayo. Ukutyala iintlobo zeentlobo 'ezixhathisayo kwi-Roundup' kuvumela amafama ukuba alawule ukhula ngokutshiza, enye indlela kuneendlela ezidurayo nezitya ixesha ezifana nokuhlakula ngoomatshini. I-Monsanto iphinde idibanise izakhi zofuzo kwingqolowa evelisa i-toxins ebulala i-corn-eye-caterpillars, inceda amafama ukuba anciphise ukusetyenziswa kwe-pesticides. Iityhefu zisuka kwi-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), ibhaktiriya eyenzeka ngokwendalo emhlabeni kwaye yamkelwe kulimo oluphilayo. Ukufa kwizinambuzane zezinambuzane, ezininzi iingcali zithi i-Bt ayinabungozi kubantu nakwizilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi baseKhanada babika kwi-2011 kwiphephancwadi i-Reproductive Toxicology ukuba bafumene iintsalela ze-Bt egazini lomama kunye ne-fetus. 'Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka. Impembelelo ye-Bt ekukhuleni komntwana ayaziwa, 'utsho u-Aziz Aris, M.D., Ph.D., umphandi oyintloko wesifundo kunye noprofesa kwisebe le-Obstetrics kunye ne-Gynecology kwiYunivesithi yaseSherbrooke.
Nangona i-FDA ithi akukho mahluko wezinto eziphathekayo phakathi kweenkozo ze-GMO zombona kunye nezo zivela kwiindidi zemveli, uphando lwakutsha nje luphosa intandabuzo kweso sigqibo. Uphononongo olupapashwe kwi Ijenali yeHlabathi yeSayensi yebhayoloji ngo-2009 liqela lezazinzulu zaseFransi zafumanisa umonakalo wesibindi kunye nezintso kwiimpuku ezityiswe umbona onganyangekiyo we-Roundup.
Kukwakho iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo malunga nezityalo ze-GMO. Ukhula kunye nezinambuzane zinokukhula ukumelana nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nezitshabalalisi ezifana ne-glyphosate kunye ne-Bt, oku kuthetha ukuba izityalo kuya kufuneka zidalwe ezinokumelana neekhemikhali eziyingozi. Ngaphezulu kweentlobo ze-26 zokhula kumazwe angama-20 ngoku zixhathisa kwi-Roundup. Ngokufanayo, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ifumene i-Bt-resistant corn root worms kumazwe amane. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba i-pollen yombona ithuthwa ngokulula ngomoya, izityalo eziqhelekileyo zinokungcoliswa ngamasimi angabamelwane atyalwe ngeentlobo ze-GMO.
ukutya imhlophe qanda yonke imihla
Ndabuza umfama uKevin Smith malunga nokuthatha kwakhe umbona oswiti we-GMO. 'Andiyi kukhula,' watsho ngokuphandle. 'Ukuba ufuna ukuyiphepha, enye indlela kukubuza abalimi othenga kubo ukuba batyala umbona we-GMO.' (I-Syngenta's Attribute kunye ne-Monsanto's Performance zimbini iintlobo ezithengiswa kuMntla Melika.) Enye indlela: khetha i-USDA ye-organic corn. Izityalo ze-GMO azivumelekanga phantsi kwemigangatho yezinto eziphilayo.
Kwakhona, iimarike ezininzi zamafama (kuquka iGreenmarket yaseNew York kunye neSan Francisco's Ferry Plaza) zivala ukusetyenziswa ngabom kweGMOs, ngoko jonga ukuba imarike yakho inomgaqo-nkqubo ofanayo. E-US, ukutya okuguqulwe ngokwemfuza akufuneki ukuba kubhalwe, kodwa umthetho uqwalaselwa eCalifornia nakwamanye amazwe angaphezu kwama-20 anokufuna ukubhalwa kwe-GMO. (Ukufunda ngakumbi, ndwendwela nongmoproject.org.)
Ngokuphathelele ukukhetha umbona onencasa kakhulu, uSmith uthobela 'umthetho wosuku olunye' azibekele wona. Akayi kuthengisa isikhwebu esingaphezu kweeyure ezingama-24 ngaphandle kwebala. Nangona abathandi bombona bahlala besithi baneentlobo ezizithandayo, uSmith uthi udidi alubalulekanga kangako kunobutsha. Ixesha lutshaba olukhulu lombona. 'Nawuphi na umbona unokonakala ukuba umdala,' utsho.
Ekuphakameni kwehlobo, iivenkile zentengiso zamafama ziyaphuphuma, iipali zikhula ecaleni kwendlela yasemaphandleni kwaye nemigqomo yeevenkile ezinkulu ifunjwe ngombona wasekuhlaleni. Eyona nto endiyixhalabeleyo kukungafumani izikhwebu ezifreshi kakhulu okanye ukuphepha umbona we-GMO, kukuzintyintya ngokugqithisileyo: ukumodareyitha akuyosuti yam eyomeleleyo xa kukho umntu ondigqithisele ngesitya sombona. Kwaye andinako ukuxhathisa xa inqunyulwa isikhwebu kwaye iphoswe kwi-pasta elula yasehlotyeni, idiphu yetshizi okanye amaqebengwana oononkala. Ngethamsanqa, umbona unendlela yawo yokunyanzelisa uqeqesho. Ixesha lonyaka lidlula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye xa ungasekho umbona wasekuhlaleni, ndiyarhoxa. Ngovuyo.
Incwadi kaBarry Estabrook ethi Tomatoland iphonononga iingxaki ngezolimo zanamhlanje.
