Inyaniso engaziwayo yeHershey

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Akukho mntu eMelika ongenayo imveliso yeHershey yohlobo oluthile okanye enye. Zizinto ezisisiseko esingenakucingwa ngekhitshi (okanye umgca wokuphuma) ngaphandle kwazo. I-Hershey yasungulwa nguMilton Hershey ngasekupheleni kwekhulu, kwaye wayengekho rhoqo u-philanthropist ophumelelayo esicinga ngaye namhlanje.

Ibali likaHershey lelo libandakanya oko sicinga ngako xa sithetha ngephupha laseMelika: ukoyisa ubunzima, ukusebenza nzima, ukwakha ubomi kunye nelifa. Indoda-kunye nenkampani-inebali elinomdla elibandakanya ukungaphumeleli kweshishini kunye nokungabinamali, ukukhuthazeka kweYurophu, kunye namava okusondela ekufeni. Namhlanje, iHershey iyafana netshokholethi, kodwa yayingeyondlela ilula nangayiphi na indlela yokucinga - kwaye ayizange iqale ngetshokholethi. Endleleni, waguqula izinyo elimnandi lesizwe, wakha isixeko, kwaye wakha ubomi bamawaka abasebenzi kunye nabantwana abanikwe ithuba yimibutho yakhe yesisa. Masithethe itshokolethi.

Iitshokolethi zazisenziwa emva kwexesha

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Namhlanje, iHershey iyafana netshokholethi. Kwakungasoloko kunjalo, nangona-i-Milton Hershey yokuqala yokuqala yokwenza i-candy yayisehlabathini le-caramel.

Ngokwe- Oovimba boluntu baseHershey , U-Hershey wasilela kabini phambi kokuvula i-Lancaster Caramel Company ngo-1886. Nangona itrayi yesithathu yaphela iyinto ethandekayo, le nkampani yaphantse yasilela ngokupheleleyo.

U-Hershey wayenengxaki ngetyala elibi emva kokusilela kwangaphambili, kwaye inkampani yakhe ye-caramel yayisengozini enkulu yokusilela, nayo. Umphathi webhanki weza kumnceda ngokutyikitya imali-mboleko ngokwakhe, enika uHershey imali ayifunayo kwibhetshi yezithako eziluhlaza eziza kugcina inkampani iqhubeka. Kwaqala ukukhula, kwaye ngo-1892 wayethenga izixhobo zokukhuphisana. Iicaramel zikaHershey zenziwe ngezona zinto zixabisekileyo zingeniswe elizweni, kwaye ekugqibeleni zabandakanya iimveliso ezibizwa ngokuba yiParadox, uBukhosi, iiIcelts, uJim Crack, kunye neRoly Poly. Ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwiicaramel ekugqibeleni kwaba lixesha elifutshane kodwa kunenzuzo- wathengisa ishishini le-caramel ngo-1900 nge-1 yezigidi zeedola. Kwimali yanamhlanje , Phantse zizigidi ezingama-30 zeedola.

Itshokholethi yayisisityebi kuphela ngaphambi kukaHershey

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Xa uHershey wathengisa ishishini lakhe le-caramel ngenkulungwane ye-fortune, wayevumela kuphela ubukumkani bakhe beelekese ukuba buhambe. Ngomnyaka we-1893, uHershey wayeye kwi-World's Columbian Exposition eChicago, kwaye waya kumboniso we-chocolatier yaseJamani. Idemo yayiquka oomatshini abenza ukuba yonke inkqubo yokwenza iitshokholethi ibe lula, kwaye uHershey wabona ithuba.

Kude kube lelo xesha, itshokholethi yayichitha ixesha ukuyenza kwaye ibiza kakhulu ukuyithenga-ngaphezulu kwento yokunethezeka. Imbali yeHershey esemthethweni Utshintshe ngokuthenga kukaHershey. Wayethumele oomatshini ukuba babuyele kwisityalo sakhe se-caramel ngenjongo yokwenza iicaramelels ezigqunywe ziitshokholethi, kodwa itshokholethi yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kangangokuba ishishini lakhe laba yinto yonke malunga netshokholethi yobisi. Waphinda wacinga ngesicwangciso sakhe seshishini, waqala ngokwenza 'imivalo yeHershey,' kwaye watshintsha imbali yeelekese ngokwenza ukuba itshokholethi efikelelekayo ifumaneke kuye wonke umntu.

Kukho isicatshulwa esingaqhelekanga kuhambo lukaHershey ukuya kuMboniso we-1893, njengoko wayengenguye yedwa owayephefumlelwe ngabantu abazizigidi ezingama-27 apho. Inkqubo ye- Isiseko sikaJames Beard ithi ikwasungule iCracker Jack, iJuice Fruit, uMakazi uJemima, kunye neCream yeNgqolowa, kwaye kulapho uPabst aphumelele khona iBlue Ribbon.

UHershey waphantse wazika ngeTitanic

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Kumashumi eminyaka emva kokuba itshonile kumantla oMntla weAtlantic, iTitanic isabambe umdla kuthi. Kulula ukubona ukuba kutheni: itshintshe ezothutho ngonaphakade, kwaye itshintshe nembali, nayo. Babe abakhweli abanokuthi baqhubeke ukuba nefuthe elikhulu kwihlabathi , babekhe baphila. UMilton Hershey phantse wayengomnye wabo bakhweli.

Umlawuli woLondolozo lweeNdawo zaseHershey uPam Whitenack uthi (nge UPenn Phila ) ukuba uHershey wayengumgibeli oqinisekisiweyo kuhambo lwe-Titanic olwagwetywa ngo-1912. Yena kunye nenkosikazi yakhe babeseholideyini eNice, eFrance, ebusika ngo-1911, kwaye xa kwafika ixesha lokuba babuyele eMelika babhukisha indawo kwiTitanic. UWhitenack uthi akucaci ukuba kwenzeke ntoni ukuze atshintshe izicwangciso zakhe, nangona yayinxulumene nomsebenzi-lo mbandela wawungabalulekanga kangako ukuba awubhalwanga- kodwa uHershey wagqiba ukubhukisha indawo eMelika, kwaye washiya i-Yurophu kwiintsuku nje ezine ngaphambili Ititanic. (UCatherine washiyeka ukuze aqhubeke nonyango awayefumana phesheya kolwandle.)

Ukusuka kumalaphu ukuya kubutyebi

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Amabali e-Rags-to-rich asenokubonakala ngathi ayedime elinambini, kodwa ibali likaHershey lalibunjwe bubunzima obungakholelekiyo. Wazalelwa uMilton Snavely Hershey ngoSeptemba 13, 1857, uHershey wayenodade wabo omncinci owafa xa wayeneminyaka eyi-4. Uyise wayenomdla wento Imbali kaHershey iifowuni 'zokufumana izikimu zobutyebi', kwaye zonke ezo nkqubo-ezibandakanya ifama ye-trout-zasilela. Imizamo yokufumanisa ukuba iskimu sokugqibela sokusebenza sasithetha ukuhamba-hamba kakhulu, ke uHershey oselula waya kwizikolo ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokugqiba imfundo yakhe esemthethweni kwibanga lesine.

UHershey emva koko waqalisa uthotho lwamashishini ahlulekayo. Waye wagxothwa ekufundeni njengomshicileli, wabhengezwa njengongenamali emva kokuvula inkampani yakhe yokuqala yeelekese, kwaye walihamba ilizwe lonke kwilinge elingaphumelelanga lokungena kumgodi wesilivere. Wazama elinye ishishini leelekese kwisiXeko saseNew York, kwaye iingcango zavalwa kuloo, nazo.

Intsapho kaHershey - owayetyale imali kumashishini akhe angaphumelelanga - ubukhulu becala babemnqanda. Ngaphandle kwaba ngumakazi, owamnika imali mboleko yokuthenga izixhobo zakhe zokuqala zokwenza i-caramel. Uchithe iintsuku esenza iilekese, ubusuku ebathengisa kwinqwelo-mafutha, wafumana ubizo lwakhe.

Wonke umntu wayecinga ukuba ngamantongomane

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Elinye lamashishini ahlulekayo kaHershey lalikwisiXeko saseNew York, ke yena wazibonela indlela ekunzima ngayo ukwakha into ekhethekileyo esixekweni. Ke xa kwafika ixesha lokwakha ubukhosi bakhe bethokholethi, waphuma waya ezilalini ePennsylvania- ngaphandle kwabo babethetha into engekhoyo. Inkqubo ye- Isikolo iMilton Hershey Uthi wonke umntu osuka kwishishini ukuya kubahlobo bamxelele ukuba angakhe kwilizwe, kodwa yayikhona indlela yokuphambana kwakhe.

Iziza zomhlaba uHershey azikhethile zazikufutshane neBerks kunye neDauphin Turnpike, kunye neNdlela yokuFunda kunye neFiladelphia Railroads. Kwakukho iphuli enkulu yabasebenzi yeentsapho zasemaphandleni ezazikulungele ukusebenza, kwaye yayikufuphi kwesinye sezona zinto ziphambili kumzi-mveliso wakhe: ubisi olutsha. Amagosa aseburhulumenteni alichasile icebo likaHershey lokubandakanya idolophu, kodwa wazingisa. Izitalato zokuqala- Iitshokholethi kunye neCocoa Avenues - zabekwa, kwaye izindlu zokuqala zenyuka (nge Imbali kaHershey ), Kwaye uHershey ekugqibeleni wayifumana iPosi ngo-1906.

Idolophu yenkampani enobuhlobo

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Imizabalazo yokuqala kaHershey yayithetha ukuba uyakuqonda ukuba kunjani ukuzibuza ukuba ukutya kwakho okulandelayo kuvela phi, kwaye xa kufika ixesha lokubonelela abasebenzi bakhe, waya kugqithisile.

Waqala ngokuyila nokwakha iHershey, ePennsylvania njengengeyiyo nje idolophu yenkampani, kodwa njengendawo apho abasebenzi abakwifektri yakhe banokuzingca ngokukhulisa iintsapho zabo. Inkqubo ye- Imbali yedolophu esemthethweni ithi ikhule ngeentsuku zokuqala zeefektri zeefektri, kwaye ingabandakanyi izindlu ezintle kuphela kunye nothutho olufikelelekayo, kodwa ipaki, ipaki yolonwabo, igumbi lokudlala, idama lokuqubha, kwaye uninzi lolwakhiwo lwenzeka ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu. U-Hershey wabeka abakhi abaninzi ukuba basebenze ngokusemandleni akhe, ukwakha amabala emidlalo, amabala emidlalo, iithiyetha, kunye namaziko oluntu njengenxalenye yento awayeyibiza ngokuba liPhulo eliKhulu lokwakha.

I-MS Hershey Foundation ilandele, kwaye xa uHershey kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uCatherine, baqonda ukuba abanakuze babe nabantwana, basungula Isikolo saseHershey yeenkedama. Sisikolo iMilton Hershey namhlanje, kwaye sincedile amawaka abantwana.

Ukiss uyikopi

I-Hershey's Kisses phantse ayithandabuzeki. Zidume kakhulu kubo IHershey, indawo yasePennsylvania kuvela izigidi ezingama-70 zoKiss ngosuku, kwaye yitoni yetshokholethi. Ngokwenene! Ukuthandwa kwabo kuncede kuphela ukuba negalelo kwi-intanethi xa umntu othile eveza (nge Ushishino ngaphakathi ) ukuba kukho uKiss ofihliweyo ngqo kwilogo, kwaye lothuse ilizwe ukuba kungabikho mntu uqaphele ukuba kude kube ngu-2017. Okumangalisa ngakumbi kukuba uKiss uyikopi.

Ngoku ka Ixesha , UHershey wakhupha uKiss ngo-1907 - iminyaka eli-13 emva kokuba enye itshokolethi yasePennsylvania egama linguHenry Oscar Wilbur yazisa iWilbur Bud.

Iitshokholethi zazinobume obufanayo, kodwa ngelixa u-Bud wayedalwa esetyenziswa ngumngundo ngamnye, i-Kiss yenziwa ngobuninzi ngomatshini owawubopha kwibhanti lokuhambisa. U-Hershey naye weza nezinto ezintsha ezatywina ukuthandwa nguKiss: izisongeli zodwa, zibenza babe yimveliso abantu abanokuyithatha naphi na. (Kwaye kwango-1921, uKiss nganye yayisongelwe ngesandla.) U-Bud akazange aye ngaphandle kokulwa, nangona kunjalo, kunye nembali yeelekese. USamira Kawash U-HO Wilbur wazama - akaphumelelanga - ukumangalela inkampani ekopisha ngo-1909. Abaphumelelanga, kwaye umhlaba wawugcina uKiss.

Intsomi yedolophu yaseKiss

Ibali elithandwayo lelokuba uKiss wabizwa ngesandi esenziwa ngumatshini njengoko uwisa ngamnye kwibhanti yokuhambisa, kodwa Ixesha ithi yintsomi nje yasezidolophini. Inyaniso eneneni ayaziwa.

U-Hershey wathengisa kuphela igama ngo-2000, kwaye kungenxa yokuba ligama eliqhelekileyo leqhekeza le-candy ehlanganiswe ngento encinci. Ixesha libuyela emva ubuncinci kwi-1820s, kwaye kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19 yayichazwa kwizichazi magama nje ngokubhekisa 'kwisiqwengana esincinci se-confectionary.' Kuba yayilixesha eliqhelekileyo, uHershey wayengavumelekanga ukuba ayenze uphawu lwentengiso- kuya kufana Upapa john Ukuzama ukuthengisa igama elithi 'pizza.' Umbhali mbali USamira Kawash ithi kwinkulungwane yama-20, bekukho zonke iintlobo zokwanga kwintengiso. Unokukhetha ukwanga kwe-molasses, i-violet okanye iblue bell kisses, ukwanga ngethamsanqa, okanye ukwanga umbona wobusi.

Ngokukhawuleza phambili kumashumi eminyaka, kwaye bekungekho ngo-2000 ukuba uHershey aqinisekise ukuba iinkundla 'i-Kiss' yayinxulumene ngokuqinile nabo yayiyinxalenye ye-brand, kwaye bawunqoba uphawu lwabo.

Imbali yengozi kaMnu. Goodbar

Hershey

Umnumzana Goodbar yenye yezona mveliso zodumo zikaHershey, kwaye nabagxeki kufuneka bavume ukuba inegama elihle. Inobuhlobo, iyathandeka, kulula ukuyikhumbula ... kwaye yayiyingozi epheleleyo.

Ngokwe- Oovimba boluntu baseHershey kunye nembali yomlomo evela kwikhemistri kaHershey uSamuel Hinkle, inkampani yaqala ukucinga ngokufaka amandongomane kwimveliso yazo kwii-1920s. Kuthathe isixa esimangalisayo sokulinga kwaye kukhokelele ekusebenziseni kukaHershey amandongomane aseSpain ngaphezulu kwamandongomane aseVirginia, kwaye xa kufika ixesha lokuza negama lebha yetshokholethi kunye namandongomane atyetyisiweyo, yayiyingozi epheleleyo. UHinkle uthi umntu uthe, 'Yibhari elungileyo,' kwaye uHershey- owayesisithulu ngelo xesha - wayiva 'njengo Mnu. Ibar elungileyo. ' Igama linamathele kumashumi eminyaka yentengiso enomdla.

Ngexesha loxinzelelo, uMnu. Goodbar wabhengezwa njengeyona ndlela yokufumana ukuzaliswa, isidlo sasemini esinexabiso eliphantsi ngexabiso elifanelekileyo, kwaye loo mbono yetshokholethi enesondlo yanamathela kuyo ngee-1950s kunye nee-1960s. Emva kwemfazwe, uMnu. Goodbar wathengiswa njenge-bar yamandla yokuqala. Ayisiyiyo kanye le ndlela ubuya kubona ngayo ibha yetshokholethi ithengisiwe namhlanje, kodwa ke, amaxesha ahlukeneyo!

Badlale indima enkulu kwiWWII

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Iminyaka, umkhosi odibeneyo wajongana kungekuphela nje koqeqesho kunye nokuxhobisa amadoda ukuba athumele eYurophu nasePacific, kwafuneka babondle, nabo. Le nkqubo yaqala ngo-1937, xa umkhosi wasondela kuHershey kwaye wabacela ukuba bayile i-chocolate enganyangekiyo, ephezulu-khalori, enamajoni eshokholethi enesondlo esinokuhamba kumaqondo obushushu ashushu njengomthombo ophatheka lula. Inkqubo ye- Indawo yogcino-mpepha yeHershey Uthi yayingu Sam Hinkle owaphuhlisa ibar ukuba anganeli nje ukumelana nobushushu beqonga lePasifiki, kodwa aqulathe iivithamini ezongezelelekileyo kunye nezakha mzimba ezinokunceda ukukhusela amajoni kwizifo ezikweleenjiko.

Ngo-1939, u-Hershey wayephuma ngaphandle kwe-100,000 Field Ration D bar, inani eliye lanyuka laya kwizigidi ezingama-24 ngeveki ngo-1945. Ngexesha lemfazwe, uHershey wanikezela malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-3 zemivalo kumajoni kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye yenza njalo. Umahluko kumzamo wemfazwe uHershey wanikwa imbasa yezomkhosi- kwaye wonke umsebenzi naye waqatshelwa ngegalelo labo. Emva kwexesha, loo bha yetshokholethi inokusetyenziswa lelinye iarhente karhulumente: iNASA. I-Hershey's Tropical Chocolate Bar yenze inyanga, kwiipokotho zika-Apollo 15 oosomajukujuku.

Iindebe zeRean's Peanut Butter zenziwe yiHershey castoff

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Ipeanut butter kunye netshokholethi zizinto zomphefumlo kwihlabathi leelekese, kwaye bebendawonye ukusukela ubuncinci ngo-1907. IAtlas Obscura uthi ngezo ntsuku zokuqala, babedibanisa ukutya okungaqhelekanga (ibhotolo yamandongomane) neelekese (itshokholethi). Babezizinto ezintsha kumashumi eminyaka, de uHarry Burnett Reese wayeka emsebenzini eHershey, kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba uza kuqala inkampani yakhe yeelekese.

UReese wayelandela ezinyathelweni zikanina, naye, xa waqala ukumenzela iidiliya zeetshokholethi kunye neeamangile. Emva kokusebenzela uHershey, wacela intsikelelo yabo-kunye nemvume- yokuqala inkampani yakhe. Bayinike, ukuba nje uthenge iitshokholethi yakhe kubo.

UReese wavuma, kwaye ngo-1928 incoko yamathuba kunye nomnini wevenkile yeelekese wamnika isikhalazo awasifunayo. Ngoncedo oluvela kwi-50 yeeponti yebhotolo yamandongomane, uReese wavelisa iikomityi zebhotela yamandongomane. Emva kokuzabalaza ngoxinzelelo kunye nokufumana uncedo kuHershey ukuyenza ngeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, inkampani yahamba. Ekugqibeleni yadityaniswa noHershey ngo-1963, yaza yakhusela ikomityi yebhotolo yamandongomane.

Isiraphu yaqala ngokwahlukileyo

Isiraphu kaHershey zizinto zobisi lweetshokholethi kunye nee-ice cream sundaes, kodwa ayizizo zonke iisiraphu zetshokholethi ezenziwe ngokufanayo. Umchiza uSam Hinkle wayesemva kwale mveliso, kananjalo, kwaye ngokwe Indawo yogcino-mpepha yeHershey kwathatha inani elingenangqondo lomsebenzi kubaphandi ukufumana indlela yokutshintsha itshokholethi ibe yimveliso ezinzileyo, engamanzi enokuthi ifakwe enkonkxeni kwaye ithunyelwe kwilizwe liphela.

ukuyeka izinto ze-burger king

Nje ukuba babe neziseko, uHershey wakhulisa amandla-kunye nemveliso yamandla aphindwe kabini-kwaye yayifumaneka kubathengi babo abarhweba kuphela. Ukuphindwa kabini yinto esiqhelene nayo, kwaye yayiqala ukuthengiswa njenge-ice cream topping. Elinye lathengiswa kwiindawo ezinemithombo yesoda, kwaye lalisetyenziselwa ukwenza iziselo ezinxilisayo ze-chocolate.

Ngo-1928, abathengisi bakaHershey babefumana izicelo zenguqulo ezingezizo ezentengiso, kwaye uHershey unyanzelekile. Kukho eminye imihla ephawulekayo kwimbali yesiraphu kaHershey: baqala ukuzenzela iinkonkxa zentsimbi ngo-1956, bazitshintsha ngeebhotile zeplastiki ngo-1979.

Kutheni iiSwoops zakhutshwa

Khumbula iiSwoops? U-Hershey wabazisa ngo-2003, kwaye ngokungacingekiyo njengoko kubonakala ngathi, babephatha itshokholethi engaphumelelanga ngendlela entle kwaye yanyamalala kwiminyaka emithathu kamva.

Ngoku ka Inkampani ekhawulezayo , UHershey ukhubekile kule yezizathu ezimbalwa. Ubume be-Swoops busenze ukuba sicinge nge-Pringles, kodwa kwakungekho ziko linzima, iziko leetapile (okanye iziko leelekese elimnandi). Olo bume lwalenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukutyiwa okungenangqondo, kodwa kuba zazingekho ezininzi ii-Swoops kwisitya, zazingonelisi. Kwakukho into engaqhelekanga eyenzekayo xa uqala ukujonga ulwazi olunesondlo lwe-Swoops, nawe-uya kufumanisa ukuba ungcono xa uthenga i-candy bar yeHershey. Yongeza kwinto onokuyithenga malunga nemivalo yeetshokholethi ezintathu ngexabiso lepakethi yeSwoops, kwaye konke oko kwakuthetha ukuba abasindanga kudlula kwinqanaba apho babonwa njengobutsha.

Umsebenzi wabantwana unokubandakanyeka

Ngo-2015, Irhamncwa lemihla ngemihla uxele ngesimangalo esothusayo esingabandakanyi iHershey's kuphela, kodwa noMars noNestle ngokunjalo. Isuti ibanga ukuba bebenganyanisekanga malunga nokubonelelwa kwabo ngokuxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni kwabantwana ukuze bavune i-cocoa. INtshona Afrika yayijolise njengeyona ndawo yolwaphulo-mthetho olubi, kuba kulapho isibini kwisithathu setshokholethi ivela khona. Isuti ibango lokuba nabani na othenge naziphi na iimveliso zeTshokholethi eNkulu wayeqhathwa ekuxhaseni umsebenzi wamakhoboka, kwaye eso sisityholo esibi.

Umcimbi waqala ukuvela ngo-2000, kunye noxwebhu olwafota abantwana ababevuna i-cocoa, bengahlawulwa, kwaye bebethwa bezama ukubaleka. U-Hershey-kunye nabo bakhuphisana nabo-bathembisa ukujoyina umbutho wehlabathi ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana, emva kokuba uHershey ephumile wathi uxwebhu lwaluyinto yokuqala abayivayo ngokwenzekayo. Lo mbandela usekude ukuba uzinziswe. Inyaniso, Iindaba zeConfectionary uxele ngamanye amatyala afakwe ngoFebruwari 2018, okokuqala ngokuchasene neNestle emva koko ngokuchasene noMars noHershey.

Banelebhu yemfihlo yesayensi

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Nabani na oya kwiHlabathi yeTshokholethi kaHershey angadlala azenzele eyakhe ibha yetshokholethi, kwaye intle loo nto. Babona nje okwenzekayo kuyo yonke inyathelo lendlela kwinkqubo, kodwa kukho enye ilebhu engekho kude eyimfihlo kakhulu kuninzi lwabasebenzi abanalo nofikelelo.

Sisakhiwo esikhangeleka nondescript esigcina zonke iimfihlo zorhwebo lukaHershey, ke ayothusi loo nto UPenn Phila ithi ukhuseleko lusondela kumanqanaba eFort Knox. Igcwele iindlela zokuhamba, iingcango zokhuseleko, kunye neefestile zokhuseleko, kwaye bathi uHershey uhamba ngenkqubo engaqhelekanga engaquki iitshokholethi kunye neencasa. Baphinde bafunde izinto ezifana nefuthe lemibala, amanani okuthengisa, kunye neengqondo zabathengi. Benza inzululwazi eyimfihlo kakhulu ukubanceda ukuba bajolise kwiimarike zamanye amazwe, nabo, ukutshintsha ukutya kwaseMelika kunye nokuzilungelelanisa nothando lwehlabathi. Yiya eCanada uyokufumana itshokholethi kaHershey yicramier, kwaye eBrazil inencasa yomsi. Oko konke kuza ngoncedo lweelebhu zabo zasePennsylvania eziyimfihlo.

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