NgoJanuwari 2019, izazinzulu ezingama-37 kwi IKhomishini ye-EAT-Lancet bothuse ihlabathi xa bepapasha iseti yemigaqo yokutya kuye wonke umntu osemhlabeni ukuze bondle abantu bethu abakhulayo ngelixa begcina utshintsho lwemozulu. Iphaneli yezizwe ngezizwe iseke izindululo zayo kumawaka ezifundo zophando eziquka izinto ezifana nobungakanani bomhlaba olimekayo eMhlabeni kunye nezondlo ezidingwa ngabantu ukuze bahlale besempilweni.
Isiqingatha sokutya kwethu kufuneka sisoloko siziqhamo nemifuno, eyekomishini Ukutya kweMpilo yePlanethi izikhokelo ziyacetyiswa. Kodwa ayisiyiyo loo nto inyuse amashiya, ngakumbi eUnited States. Bathi, izilwanyana zasemhlabeni kufuneka zitye iigram ezili-14 zenyama ebomvu ngosuku— ngamanye amazwi, isilayi esinye se-31⁄2-ounce yenyama yenkomo, yegusha okanye yehagu ngeveki. Incinci le bhega yekota yeponti! Umndilili waseMelika kuya kufuneka anciphise ukutya kwabo inyama ebomvu ngama-90%.
Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu luba yinto abantu abaninzi baseMelika abahlangabezana nayo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla-amaqondo obushushu ashushu kunye nembalela rhoqo, imililo kunye nezaqhwithi eziyingozi-amazwe aphantse abe ngama-200 atyikitye iSivumelwano seMozulu saseParis ngalinye lithembise ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse. (Injongo yase-US, umzekelo, yi-26 ukuya kwi-28% ngaphantsi kwamanqanaba e-2005 ngo-2025.)
Kwaye ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwenyama yenkomo kunokuba ngundoqo. I-United Nations 'Food and Agriculture Organization iqikelela ukuba ukufuya inyama kunye nobisi kuvelisa i-14.5% yazo zonke i-anthropogenic (ebangelwa ngabantu) i-greenhouse gas emissions-malunga nesixa esifanayo necandelo lezothutho. Izilwanyana ezondlayo njengeenkomo nemvana, enyanisweni, zinikela ngesithathu kwisihlanu saloo mali ingako. Amaqela ophando afana nephaneli ye-EAT-Lancet athi iinzame zethu kufuneka zibandakanye ukutya inyama yenkomo encinci, okanye kungabikho kwaphela.
Kodwa ezinye izazinzulu kunye namafama bacebisa ikamva elahlukileyo lebhega yakho: inyama yenkomo etyiswe ngengca eveliswa ngolimo oluhlaziyiweyo. Iqela elikhulayo lophando licebisa ukuba inyama yenkomo etyiswe ngengca inokunceda abantu balungise omnye umonakalo esiwenzileyo kumhlaba wethu, kwimizila yethu yamanzi nakwiatmosfera yethu. Lelinye lamabali ambalwa amnandi kutshintsho lwemozulu-kodwa izakuthatha umzamo omkhulu kwicala labafuyi, abalungisi benyama yenkomo kunye nabathengi ukwenza inyama yenkomo ibe sisisombululo kwingxaki eyincedileyo.
Ngoku ka Ukutsalwa kweProjekthi , umbutho ozinikele ekufumaneni iindlela 'zokutsala' amanqanaba egesi ye-greenhouse emoyeni, ukuthanda kwethu inyama yenkomo kunegalelo ekutshintsheni kwemozulu ngeendlela ezintathu. Kumazwe avelisa kakhulu inyama yenkomo, iinkomo zichitha isixa sobomi bazo zityebile kumbona, iimbotyi zesoya nezinye iinkozo, kwaye amafutha efosili kunye nesichumiso senitrogen esisisebenzisayo ukukhulisa ezi zityalo zikhupha isixa esikhulu sekharbon diokside kunye ne-nitrous oxide emoyeni. . Ukongeza, amazwe afana neBrazil atshisa amahlathi amakhulu ashinyeneyo ukuze enze indawo yeembotyi zesoya namadlelo eenkomo, ekhupha ikharbon diokside ngelixa esusa lonke uhlaza olunokuthi luphinde luyibambe kwaye lugcine loo khabhoni kwiziqu, amagqabi kunye neengcambu.
Umthombo wesithathu weegesi zegreenhouse: iinkomo ngokwazo. USorpe Asem-Hiablie, umphandi weProject Drawdown uthi, 'ukuba sijonga igesi yegreenhouse ephuma ezinkomeni, eyona nxalenye inkulu yi-enteric methane,' utsho njalo uSenorpe Asem-Hiablie, umphandi weProject Drawdown, ebhekisela kwimethane eveliswa zizilwanyana njengoko zisetyisa ukutya kwazo. I-Enteric methane (eyaziwa ngokuba yi-'cow burps') imele isinye kwisihlanu sayo yonke into ekhutshwa yi-anthropogenic methane-kwaye irhasi inamaxesha angama-28 ukuya kuma-34 anamandla njengekharbon dayoksayidi ekubambeni ubushushu.
Amanqanaba e-Enteric methane aye enyuka. Abantu bavelisa ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kwenyama yenkomo ehlabathini lonke njengoko sasisenza kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, yaye ihlabathi lithanda inyama liya likhula. Ngo-2050, xa abantu behlabathi kulindeleke ukuba bafike kwi-10 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni, i-World Resources Institute (WRI) iqikelela ukuba imfuno yayo yonke inyama iya kunyuka ngama-88% kwiminyaka nje engama-40 ngaphambili.
Iseti yokugqibela yoxinzelelo lweenkcukacha-manani ukukubetha ngayo: nokuba sifuna ukuphinda kabini ukutya kwethu kwenyama, iplanethi inokungasivumeli. Ngokobalo lwe-WRI, ezetyisayo sele zifuna isibini kwisithathu somhlaba wokulima weplanethi. Asinakuvele sitshise amahlathi amaninzi ukwenza indawo.
Iinzame zenzululwazi ziyaqhuba ukwenza ufuyo lwenkomo lube ngcono kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngokuzifuya ukuze zityebe ngokufanelekileyo okanye ngokutyisa ukhula lwaselwandle ukunciphisa imethane eziyigqobhozayo. Kodwa abanye abalimi basondela ngokufuya ngendlela eyahluke ngokupheleleyo: babona iinkomo njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuthatha ikharbhon emoyeni nokuyihlutha emhlabeni apho ikhoyo.
Getty Images / Frank Elbers / EyeEm
Amatyeli aliqela ngemini, uCarrie Richards uphuma aye kutyelela iinkomo ezitya kwifama yosapho lwakhe kwiinduli zaseSierra Foothills zaseMantla eCalifornia. Kodwa akanyanzelekanga ukuba azibeke esweni izilwanyana—uhlola ingca edokhweni. Ngamanye amaxesha ufumana iintsuku ezimbini phambi kokuba abakhuphele komnye umhlaba oziihektare ezili-10. Ngamanye amaxesha iba ziiyure ezingama-24 kuphela. Ilizwe liyamxelela.
Kwiminyaka emihlanu eyadlulayo, uRichards wabuyela emva kwifama eziihektare ezingama-6 500 eyayithengwe nguyisemkhulu ngowe-1941. Uyise wayefuye ngendlela eqhelekileyo, ekhulisa amathole azalelwe kwifama yakhe kangangeenyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba awathengise kwifandesi. Uninzi luye kwi-concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO), okanye iindawo zokutya, apho babeza kuchitha iinyanga zabo zokugqibela beqokelela umbona kunye nezinye iinkozo. Kodwa uRichards kunye nabantakwabo uTom noNoelle babefuna ukufumana indlela engcono yokukhulisa inyama yenkomo kwaye, ngamazwi akhe, babuyisele emhlabeni. Ngoko ke uye wafunda idlelo elilawulwa ngokupheleleyo, elikwabizwa ngokuba yi-regenerative ranching.
Abalimi abasebenzisa ulimo oluhlaziyiweyo bathatha iindlela ezininzi zokwakha umhlaba ophilileyo, ochumileyo, nokuba balima iitumato, ingqolowa okanye ukutya kweenkomo: ukuthintela amanzi emvula nomoya ekukhukuliseni umhlaba ongaphezulu, omnye, abawushiyi umhlaba uze. Kunoko, phakathi kokulinywa kwezityalo ezinemali ukuze bazithengise, abalimi batyala izityalo zokugquma—ingakumbi iimbotyi, njengeclover neeertyisi, ‘ezifaka’ initrogen emhlabeni, zinciphisa okanye ziphelise imfuneko yezichumiso zenitrogen. Bakwacutha ukuhlakula umhlaba phakathi kokutyala okanye ukuziqhelanisa nezolimo 'yokungalimi', ukuze isityalo sangaphambili sibole emasimini njengoko abalimi belima kwesilandelayo. Abaninzi bayakuphepha ukutshiza amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ukunceda iintsholongwane ezisemhlabeni ukuba zichume, zondla izityalo ngendlela izazinzulu zomhlaba eziqala ngayo ukuqonda ngoku.
Iinkomo zidlala njani indima kule nkqubo? Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, batya kakhulu, kwaye nabani na ochithe ixesha kwivenkile yegadi uyazi ukuba umgquba kunye nomchamo zenza ukutya okuninzi kwezityalo, kodwa ayisosisombululo sodwa.
Abaphandi abangoovulindlela abafana noAllan Savory, owakhe Indlela Emnandi waqala wachaza iindlela zolawulo olupheleleyo eziye zathathwa ngabafuyi abavuselelayo abafana noRichards, bacebisa ukuba ezetyisayo zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni impilo yamadlelo kunye nokuthintela ukuba yintlango. USavory, umphandi owazalelwa eZimbabwe, waqaphela iipatheni zokufuduka kwezilwanyana ezelusayo ezinqumla kumathafa aseAfrika kwaye wafundisa ukuba iinkomo zingadlala indima efanayo kwiifama.
lulunge kangakanani ubisi
Iinkomo zikaRichards ngoku zichitha bonke ubomi bazo zisitya ingca okanye, ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo laseKhalifoniya, ifula. Xa zisuka kwelinye idlelo ukuya kwelinye, ziduduma kwidlelo eliluhlaza kwaye ziluma kakhulu ingca. Kodwa ezimbalwa. 'Ukuba ugawula isityalo sengca emhlabeni, kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba loo ngca ikhule kwakhona,' utsho. 'Ukuba uthatha kuphela malunga nesiqingatha sayo, isenamandla amaninzi asele, kwaye inokuziqalisa ngokukhawuleza.'
Nantso umlingo wokwakha umhlaba, amafama ahlaziyayo kunye nezazinzulu ziyavumelana: ezo ngca zikhule ngokubamba ikharbon diokside emoyeni, zigcina imolekyuli yekharbhon ukwakha ubume beeseli zabo nokubuyisela ioksijini yasimahla emoyeni ukuze siphefumle. Xa iinkomo zinikwa ithuba lokufunxa inxalenye ethile yohlaza, zikhuthaza ukuba isityalo sikhule kwakhona kwaye sisasaze iingcambu zaso kude. Ezo ngcambu zifak’ isandla kwizinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zize zikhuphe ikharbhon elulwelo emhlabeni, apho yondla iintsholongwane ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
Kwangaxeshanye, iimpuphu zenkomo ziyawuqhekeza umhlaba, ziwenza ube neemingxuma ngakumbi kwaye ukwazi ukugcina amanzi, yaye ezinye zezityalo zityumza emhlabeni ukuze zibole. Basasaza umaleko ocolekileyo womchamo kunye nomgquba ngokunjalo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, umhlaba ongaphezulu uba mnyama, uqukuqele, utyebe kwaye uxinene ngezakhamzimba-nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingca ekhula kuwo ibe nesondlo ngakumbi kwiinkomo xa zidlula ngokulandelayo.
Kukho inkitha yezinye izibonelelo emhlabeni nakwizilwanyana ngokufanayo: umhlaba ufunxa amanzi ngokukhawuleza kwaye uwagcine ixesha elide, unceda ukugcina izityalo zisempilweni kwaye uvumela umhlaba ukuba uphile ngcono kwimbalela. Xa amafama ahlaziyayo eyeka ukusebenzisa izichumisi zemichiza, anciphisa ungcoliseko lwenitrate kwimijelo yamanzi nakwi-aquifers. Xa beyeka ukusebenzisa amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, zonke iintlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana zibuyela emasimini, zikhuthaza ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Yaye xa beyeka ukusebenzisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, nto leyo efunwa ziinkomo ezikwiindawo ezixineneyo zesondlo ukuze zihlale zisempilweni, anokunceda ekuthinteleni ukwanda kwezifo ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, ingxaki oluye lwafunyaniswa lulunye uhlolisiso njengenxalenye yokusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwimfuyo.
Tim Joseph, umongameli we I-Grassfed Alliance , ithi awukwazi ukwenza ingeniso ngokukhulisa inyama yenkomo etyiswe ngengca, egqitywe ngengca (ithetha ukuba ayizange yondliwe ngeenkozo) ngaphandle kokuba usebenzisa iindlela zokuhlaziya ezolimo. Ubukele umlimi emva komlimi kumzabalazo womanyano kwinguqu enzima ukusuka xa beyeka ukutshiza imichiza ukuze bakhuphe ukuchumisa komhlaba wabo naxa zonke iinkqubo zebhayoloji emhlabeni wabo zicofa ekugqibeleni. 'Iyayeka ukungabi nangca eyaneleyo ukuze iinkomo zingabi nayo ingca,' utsho uJoseph. Akunjalo kuphela, uyongezelela, kodwa amanqanaba ezinto eziphilayo (i-aka carbon) emhlabeni wabo aphakama nge-1% ukuya kwi-6% kwiminyaka embalwa nje-into eya kuthatha uMama weNdalo amashumi eminyaka ukuba aphindaphinde. Oko kunyuka kwekhabhoni yomhlaba kuko okuye kwatsala ingqalelo yezazinzulu ngemekobume.
Kukho iqela elisakhulayo kodwa elikhulayo lophando elilinganisa isiphumo sokuvuselelwa ngokutsha kwefama kwikhabhoni yomhlaba. UPaige Stanley, ongumfundi wobugqirha kwiDyunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, kunye noJason Rowntree weDyunivesithi yaseWestern Michigan babambisane kuphononongo luka-2019 lwenkqubo yokuhlaziya ifama eMichigan ebonisa ukuba umhlaba wawuhluthwe iikhilogram ezingama-3,790 zekhabhoni ngehektare nganye ngonyaka ngaphezulu. ixesha leminyaka emine. Uphononongo lwesibini olupapashwe ngo-2020 lujonge idatha efanayo ye-White Oak Pastures eGeorgia, ephakamisa iinkomo kunye nezinye izilwanyana kumadlelo alawulwa ngokugqibeleleyo. Apho, bafumanisa ukuba ifama ihlulwe iikhilogram ezingama-2,290 ngehektare nganye ngonyaka kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20. Ukukunika umbono wembono, ukuba iCarlifonia ibikwazile ukuthatha nje isiqingatha seso sixa ngonyaka kwisiqingatha nje sommandla wayo, urhulumente ebeya kuphelisa ukukhutshwa kwawo onke amandla asetyenziswayo kushishino neendawo zokuhlala zaseCalifornia. 'Idlelo elihlaziyayo linesakhono esikhulu sokusebenzisa ikhabhoni,' utshilo uStanley.
Kodwa ngaba yonke loo khabhoni ehluthiweyo yanele ukuchasana nefuthe lokusingqongileyo kwenyama yenkomo? Kulapho ingxoxo ngoku.
Abanethemba njenge Iziko laseRodale , epapashe ingxelo enesihloko ' ULimo oluHlaziyayo kunye neSicombululo seKhabhoni yoMhlaba Ngo-2020, baye bavavanya ezinye zezi zifundo zitsha kwaye babala ukuba ukuba wonke umntu oseMhlabeni wamkela ulimo oluhlaziyiweyo, sinokubuyisela umva ukwakhiwa kweegesi ze-greenhouse emoyeni.
Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukufuya okuzihlaziyayo akunakukwazi ukubonelela ngemfuno ekhulayo yenyama yenyama. Bachaza ukuba inyama yenkomo etyiswe ngengca ifuna umhlaba ophindwe kabini kumhlaba wenkomo yesiqhelo, kwaye iinkomo zithatha iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-12 ukuba zizimbumbulu engceni xa zithelekiswa nombona, zibhuqa imethane ngalo lonke ixesha. (Zombini ezo zinto—umhlaba nexesha—zikwayinxalenye yesizathu sokuba inyama yenkomo etyiswe ngengca isabiza ngaphezu kwenyama yenkomo eqhelekileyo.) Enyanisweni, alukho uphando olwenziwa nguStanley noRowntrees olucatshulwe ngasentla oluye lwafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukuhluthwa kwekhabhoni yomhlaba kushenxisiwe ngokupheleleyo. imethane.
Abanye abagxeki, uninzi lwabo olukhuthaza ukuncama imfuyo ngokupheleleyo, bathi umhlaba waseGeorgia okanye eMichigan unokukhulisa izityalo ezithe ngqo ebantwini. Isebenza nangakumbi: la mahlathi afudumalayo afudumalayo anokutyalwa ngokutsha ngemithi, enokusebenzisa ikhabhoni engaphezulu kunemihlaba efuywa ngokutsha.
UStanley uthi uchitha ixesha elininzi kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo ephikisana ngokugqithisileyo kokubini, ngokuyinxenye kuba esoyika ukuba nabo banethemba eligqithisileyo baya kuvusa umva wokuthandabuza. Uphando lwakhe lobugqirha lujonge kudederhu lwemimandla eNtshona, njengefama yosapho lukaCarrie Richards, engafanelekanga ukuba izityalo zibone ukuba ingakanani na ikhabhoni enokuthi ikwazi ukuyigcina. Ukufuya okuzihlaziyayo akudingi kusonjululwa ngesandla esinye ukuze kube nefuthe elikhulu kokusingqongileyo, uyaxoxa. 'Naliphi na ithuba lokutyisa idlelo elingcono, ukuthintela ukutyiswa okugqithisileyo kunye nelahleko yekhabhoni nakwesiphi na isixa sekhonkco lokubonelela, lihle engqondweni yam,' utshilo.
URichards sele ebona amadlelo osapho lwakhe ephila emva kweminyaka engama-80 ekufutshane. Ukwahlukana kwezityalo kuyakhula, yaye amabhanti engca eluhlaza ecaleni kwemimandla engaselunxwemeni—apho amanzi aqukuqela esihla ezindulini—asanda minyaka le. Amathole akhe atyeba ngokukhawuleza. Xa oosonzululwazi beqala ukulinganisa amanqanaba ekhabhoni yomhlaba wakhe, baqikelela ukuba wayesongeza itoni enye kwihektare nganye ngonyaka. Elo nani lisenokuba liyanda.
U-Asem-Hiablie, weProjekthi Yokutsalwa, ubona ukuveliswa ngokutsha kwefama njengesicwangciso esinokwenzeka phakathi kwabaninzi-kubandakanywa nezo zongezo zokunciphisa imethane, umzekelo. Abathengi ukuphelisa inkunkuma yokutya yenye. 'Kufuneka sijonge izinto ngokupheleleyo,' utsho. 'Kufuneka sijonge kungekuphela nje imeko engqongileyo kodwa inkalo yentlalo kunye neyoqoqosho.'
EMelika, imarike yenkomo etyiswe ngotshani iseyi-niche, emele i-4% yemarike yenkomo yase-US iyonke. Nangona kunjalo ngokutsho kweGrassfed Alliance, imarike ikhule ukusuka kwi-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuya kwi-1.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola phakathi kuka-2015 no-2019. UJoseph uthi eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa abafuyi kulo lonke ilizwe ukuba bamkele ezi ndlela zokwakhiwa komhlaba, ukuhlutha i-carbon-sequestering ranching kukubabonisa ukuba abathengi bafuna inyama yenkomo etyiswe ngengca.
Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela ingcono yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokutya kwethu kukuthatha zombini iingcebiso zeKhomishoni ye-EAT-Lancet kunye nezithembiso zokuvuselela i-ranching: xa kuziwa kwinyama yenkomo, yidla kancinci-kodwa udle ngcono.
