Abapheki baka-YouTube abenza itoni yemali

I-Cacringer Calculator

Ilogo yeYouTube

Ayisiyomfihlo ukuba i-YouTuber ephumeleleyo inokuba ngumsebenzi onenzuzo emangalisayo. Ngelixa bengenzi okuninzi njengabadlali be-A abathanda izikrini zemidlalo bhanyabhanya, basaqhubeka nokubhankisha kwiibhanki ezininzi kunabantu abaninzi. U-Logan Paul, oyena mntu uhlawulelwa kakhulu kwi-YouTuber ye-2018-ngubani owaziwa kakhulu njengendoda eyafota ixhoba lokuzibulala kwiJapan ye-Suicide Forrest -yenze malunga $ 14.5 yezigidi in 2018. Ewe, ufunda ukuba ilungelo.

Nangona kunjalo, igama elimalunga nentsingiselo apha kunye nazo zonke ezinye iindlela ezikhankanywe kolu luhlu. Ngokuqinisekileyo ngekhe sazi ngokuchanekileyo ukuba uninzi lwaba bantu lwenza ntoni, kuba uninzi lwazo alukho kwinqanaba eliphezulu njengabantu abanjengoLeonardo DiCaprio okanye uLogan Paul. Konke esinokukwenza ngokwenyani kukuza noluhlu olusekwe kwizinto ezinjengokubala kwabo babhalisileyo kunye neembono zabo. Ewe banokwenza imali ethe kratya kwizinto ezinje ngokuthengisa ukhenketho, iincwadi, iiDVD, ukuthengisa, kunye nokusebenzisana, kwaye uluhlu lwethu alunikeli nto ngayo. Ke, unoko engqondweni, nolu uluhlu lwabapheki beYouTube abenza itoni yemali kwiziteshi zabo-ubuncinci ukusukela ngoFebruwari 2019.

Uyapheka xa upheka

Itumato I-Instagram

Mhlawumbi elinye lamajelo amnandi kolu luhlu ngu Uyapheka xa upheka , equkethe umpheki ongaziwayo, ongenabuso. Zonke iividiyo ezikule jelo zibonelela ngendlela ethandabuzekayo yendlela yokupheka ye-YouTube. Uhlala ethukisa ababukeli, ephosa izithako ekhitshini, kwaye eqhubeka nokungaqhelekanga. Iiresiphi zakhe zihlala zilula, zibonisa ababukeli bakhe indlela yokwenza izinto ezisisiseko coleslaw , isosi yetumato , Kunye a Isandwich yesidlo sakusasa . Ngokunikwa iiresiphi ezilula, uxhomekeke ikakhulu kwingxelo yakhe emyoli ukuze amgcine kwisibalo sababhalisi abasisi-1.6 sezigidi. Ukuba awuyithandi imeko enomdla nenomdla yabapheki abaninzi beTV kunye nabakwaYouTube, eli lijelo lakho.

Yonke into yomrhwebi ngaphandle kwebhegi

Ebekho nje ukusukela ngo-2015 , kuyamangalisa ukuba umvuzo wakhe oqikelelweyo sele uphakathi $ 12.4K kunye ne- $ 198.5K . Ukujonga ukuba ulayishe iividiyo ezili-13 kuphela ngo-2018, oko kuthetha ukuba wenza phakathi kwe- $ 953 kunye ne- $ 15,269 yevidiyo nganye. Lo ngumdlalo omangalisayo okoko wena Suck ekuphekeni unenani lesibini eliphantsi leevidiyo ezipapashwe ngo-2018 kolu luhlu.

Ukuncokola noBabish

Ukuncokola noBabish Facebook

Mhlawumbi yenye yeendlela ezaziwayo kolu luhlu, Ukuncokola noBabish , isingathwe ngu UAndrew Rea Ijelo elinabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3.8 ababhalise kwizitya ezivela kwimidlalo bhanyabhanya oyithandayo nakwiinkqubo zikamabonwakude. Usebenzisa isimbo sakhe sokutyikitya sokubeka ilizwi ngaphezulu kokubaliswa ngokufotwa kwakhe elungiselela ukutya ngentloko ekhutshiwe, wenza izitya ezinje ' izinto ezingwevu Ukusuka kwiiDisney Omhle kunye nesilwanyana kwaye i isonka seengcuka ukusuka Imidlalo yeethrone. Ukujonga loo nto Ijelo likaRea uqalile nje ukufumana ukubambeka kwangoko kwi-2017, esi sihlobo sitsha senze umsebenzi omangalisayo wokuba sihlale sihambelana kwiqonga elinokutshintsha njalo.

Ngoku ka IBlade yoLuntu Ijelo lizisa malunga ne- $ 98.1K ukuya kwi- $ 1.6M ngonyaka. Ukujonga ukuba ulayishe iividiyo ezingama-93 kwi-2018, ukuba oku kusondele kuchanekile, oko kuthetha ukuba wenza phakathi kwe- $ 1,054 kunye ne- $ 17,204 ngevidiyo nganye. Ngelixa olu luluhlu olukhulu kakhulu, nokuba ungasondela kwesiphi isiphelo, isisixa esikhulu semali.

URosanna Pansino

URosanna Pansino Facebook

Okulandelayo kuluhlu ngu URosanna Pansino , ijelo elingaziwayo eligcinwe ngamandla, umpheki waseMelika URosanna Pansino ngokwakhe. Umdibaniselwano rhoqo, uPansino wenze iividiyo kunye nezinye i-YouTube ezinzima-hitters ezifana Abazama i-Guys kwaye UJoey Graceffa . Ijelo lakhe ikakhulu lijolise ekubhakeni endaweni yokupheka kwaye iiresiphi zakhe zihlala zivela zikhangeleka kakuhle, kuye Iipokie zonyaka omtsha kuye ithanga elincinci lespice latte pops . Ngeemveliso zakhe ezigqityiweyo ezilungiselelwe i-Instagram kunye nemixholo ehamba ngokwendlela yakhe, uyincutshe ekugcineni inani lababhalisi liphezulu. Ngapha koko, inani lababhalisi bakhe lingaphezulu kwesigidi se-10.8, simenza umphathi we-YouTube onelona nani liphezulu lababhalisi kolu luhlu.

Nangona kunjalo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo inani lakhe elinomtsalane lababhalisi, kusenokumangalisa ukwazi ukuba umvuzo wakhe oqikelelweyo wonyaka uphantsi kunowama-Andrew Rea, nangona enesibalo sesithathu sababhalisi bakhe. Uqikelelo lwengeniso yonyaka yePansino yile $ 67.3K ukuya kwi-1.1M ngonyaka . Kuba ulayishe iividiyo ezili-102 ngo-2018, oko kuthetha ukuba wenza phakathi kwe- $ 659 kunye ne- $ 10,784 ngevidiyo nganye. Olu luphindwe luluhlu olukhulu kakhulu, kodwa nangoku kunendlela yabantu abaninzi kwiYouTube.

Abazalwana abaLuhlaza batya

Abazalwana abaLuhlaza batya Facebook

Ngelixa usenokucinga ngokusekwe kwigama lesitishi ukuba aba bazalwana babini bapheka iiresiphi ezijikeleza imifino okanye ukupheka okuzinzileyo, uya kuba uphosakele. 'Luhlaza' ngaphakathi Abazalwana abaLuhlaza batya Ngokwenyani ibhekisa kwigama lokugqibela lemikhosi emibini, mzalwana UJosh kunye noMike Greenfield , owasungula ngokusesikweni ijelo kwi Ngo-2014 emva kokufota amaxesha amabini engcinga efanayo kwiMTV yamanye amazwe. Ijelo libanga ukuba ligxile kulo izinto ezintathu : 'vibes elungileyo, ukutya okungabizi kakhulu, kunye namaxesha amnandi.' Kuba uninzi lokupheka lubonisa iiresiphi ezibizayo, ezinzima, abazalwana baseGreenfield bathathe isigqibo sokwenza eyabo imiboniso engabonisi iiresiphi ezifikelelekayo kuphela, kodwa ikwafundisa ii-novice zokupheka ukuba ikhitshi ayiyondawo yoyikisayo.

Ngaphezulu kwababhalisi abasisi-1.3 sezigidi, mhlawumbi aba babini bahamba phakathi 7.6K kunye ne-120.8K ngonyaka. Oko kuthetha ukuba ngeevidiyo ezingama-54 ezithunyelwe ngo-2018, zenza phakathi kwe- $ 140 kunye ne- $ 2,237 ngevidiyo nganye. Kwakhona, nokuba uluhlu lukhulu kangako, awunakuzibuza ukuba ungawuyeka na umsebenzi wakho kwaye uqalise ukwenza iividiyo zeYouTube.

Ikhekhe uJemma

Ikhekhe uJemma Facebook

Umbhaki wesibini ophekiweyo ukwenza olu luhlu lusekwe eLondon UJemma Wilson , umphathi we Ikhekhe uJemma . Ngokufana noRosanna Pansino, wenza ukuphatha okufanelekileyo kwe-Instagram okuqaqambileyo kunye nolonwabo. Unezinto ezininzi Iivenkile zokupheka kunye nokuthumela iividiyo ngokubanzi ngokubanzi iingcebiso zokubhaka kunye namacebo . Ngo-2014, yena wavula eyakhe ivenkile yokubhaka eSoho, eLondon wafowuna Imvuthuluka kunye neDoilies kunye nejelo lakhe longezwa Inethiwekhi kaJamie Oliver's FoodTube . Ividiyo yakhe ethandwa kakhulu sisifundo sendlela yokwenza ' Eyona khekhe lihle kakhulu leMvula 'kwaye ineembono ezingaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-4.6.

Ngoku ka IBlade yoLuntu , UJemma kunye nejelo lakhe lingena phakathi kwe-6K kunye ne-95.7K yengeniso ngonyaka. Ukuthathela ingqalelo wenza iividiyo ezingama-63 ngo-2018, umndilili ophakathi kwe- $ 95 kunye ne- $ 1,519 ngevidiyo nganye. Isenokungabi yeyona YouTuber ihlawulwa kakhulu kolu luhlu, kodwa iya kwenza iikeyiki ukuze iphile- ayisiyiyo le gig shabby.

JunsKitchen

JunsKitchen Facebook

Ubungqondi ngasemva JunsKitchen Ungumpheki waseJapan kunye nobuntu bukaYouTube ogama lingu UJun Yoshizuki . Kunye neli jelo, ukwabamba enye kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uRachel. Zombini iziteshi zihlala zibonisa iividiyo ngekati enye okanye nangaphezulu. Kuba esi sibini sihlala eJapan, bahlala besebenzisa iividiyo zabo ukuxoxa ngenkcubeko yaseJapan-ngakumbi Inkcubeko yokutya yaseJapan . Ngaphezulu kwababhalisi abazizigidi ezi-3.3, akuthathi xesha lide ukubona ukuba kutheni ijelo lithandwa kangaka eJapan naseMelika. Phakathi kweekati ezithandekayo, ezenziwe ngobuchule i-sushi, kunye nokuqonda kwinkcubeko yaseJapan, eli jelo ngokuqinisekileyo liya kuhlala lilungile kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukusuka kwividiyo yabo yokuqala ukubuyela kwi-2012, benze umgangatho ophezulu ngakumbi kunye nomxholo wokuzonwabisa. Ngokwethu IBlade yoLuntu I-JunsKitchen izisa malunga ne-18.6K ukuya kwi-296.8K ngonyaka, eyona nto inomtsalane xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba bapapashe iividiyo ezisixhenxe kuphela ngo-2018. kolu luhlu.

Ungayenza njani ikhekhe

Yolanda gampp Facebook

Kuya kuba lula kakhulu ukuyithetha loo nto Yolanda gampp , umphathi we Ungayenza njani ikhekhe , ngomnye umpheki wezonka otyhafisayo owenza ukuphatha okuhle. Ekuboneni kokuqala ubonakala ngathi uyafana nabanye ababhaki kolu luhlu. Usenokuba bubbly, kodwa uGampp akenzi maqebengwana aqhelekileyo. Wenza iikeyiki ezimnandi ezibonakala ngokufana nayo yonke into evela kwi-Star Wars ' BB-8 iya ku ingqayi yevegemite iya ku ihagu yebhanki . Ngokuqinisekileyo wenza iikeyiki ezikwaziyo ukubakho nge-Instagram, kodwa uyayithatha ayise kwinqanaba elilandelayo ngezinto ezinkulu azenzileyo. Ukusukela kwimpumelelo yejelo ukhuphe umgca we izixhobo zokubhaka kunye 'nencwadi yekhekhe' enegama elifanayo. Ngaphezulu kwababhalisi abazizigidi ezi-3.9 kunye nokukhula, iGampp kubonakala ngathi ayicothisi nangaliphi na ixesha kungekudala.

Ngoku ka IBlade yoLuntu , IGampp kunye nejelo lakhe benza phakathi kwe- $ 13.8K kunye ne- $ 220.9K ngonyaka. Oko wapapasha iividiyo ezingama-52 ngo-2018, oko kuthetha ukuba wenza phakathi kwe- $ 265 kunye ne- $ 4,248 ngevidiyo nganye.

Ungayipheka njani

UAnn Reardon I-Instagram

Ungayipheka njani lelinye ijelo lokubhaka kunye nomamkeli wase-Australia u-Ann Reardon. Ijelo lakhe ngumlinganiso olungileyo phakathi kwamaqebengwana e-Instagram, iikeyiki ezibukeka njengezinye izinto, kunye namaqebengwana aphefumlelweyo e-Australia. Ubhaka iiresiphi ezikhoyo Iminyaka engama-200 ubudala , Yenza Iikeyiki ezinomxholo weTV , Kwaye woyisa a Ikhekhe leemfazwe zeenkwenkwezi . Ngaphezulu kwababhalisi abazizigidi ezi-3.5, uyathandeka kubabukeli ngezimvo zakhe zokuyila kunye nelizwi elipholileyo. Ngelixa afanayo nabanye ababhaki kolu luhlu, usakwazi ukwahlula ngokwaneleyo ukuze amenze avele kwabanye. Nangona ukubonwa kwakhe kuye kwatshintsha kule minyaka idlulileyo, ukwazile ukuhlala efanelekileyo kwaye wakhuphisana kwintengiso egcweleyo ukusukela kwividiyo yakhe yokuqala ngo-2011.

Ngokwethu IBlade yoLuntu , UReardon kunye nejelo lakhe benza uqikelelo lweedola ezili-10K ukuya kwi- $ 160.6K ngonyaka. Ukuthathela ingqalelo into yokuba ulayishe kuphela iividiyo ezingama-51 kwi-2018, oko kuthetha ukuba wenza malunga ne- $ 196 kunye ne- $ 3,149 kwividiyo nganye.

Ungayifaka imicrowave iqanda elilukhuni elibilisiweyo

Iminqweno yokutya

Umpheki uJohn Facebook

Iminqweno yokutya Ijelo elisingethwe nguJohn Mitzewich (owaziwa ngcono njengo-Chef John), liqonde ngqo phambili kunezinye iindlela zokupheka ezikolu luhlu. Ifana namanye amajelo, kweresiphi nganye, kukho ividiyo efundisayo kuYouTube kunye neresiphi ebhaliweyo kuye Ibhlog , ke ababukeli bakhe banokumjonga ayenze kwaye emva koko balandele isantya sabo kunye noguqulelo lokubhaliweyo kwiresiphi. Uyenza inqaku lokungazikhupheli kwividiyo. Ubukhulu becala, wenza iifilimu zezinto zokutya kunye nokutya kunye neerekhodi zokubaliswa kwividiyo.

Ngaphezulu kwababhalisi abazizigidi ezi-2.7 kunye neevidiyo ezisusela emva ekuqaleni kuka-2007 , Chef uJohn ngokucacileyo akanangxaki yokugcina izinto kunye nokugcina ababukeli bakhe abancinci benomdla- eyona nto inomtsalane xa ucinga ukuba ungoyena mpheki mdala kolu luhlu 55 . Ngoku ka IBlade yoLuntu , Iminqweno yokutya izisa phakathi kwe- $ 28.2K kunye ne- $ 450.7K ngonyaka. Oko wapapasha iividiyo ezingama-93 ngo-2018, oko kuthetha ukuba uzisa phakathi kwe- $ 303 kunye ne- $ 4,846 yevidiyo nganye. Ukujonga iminqweno yokutya ibikade ikhona ngaphambi kokuba abapheki beYouTube babeyinto yokwenene, silindele ukuba eli gqala libe khona ixesha elide.

Maangchi

UEmily Kim Facebook

Maangchi isingathwe ngu UEmily Kim , Ubuntu beKorea-American YouTube, umpheki kunye nombhali. Ukhuthazwe lilifa lakhe, phantse zonke iividiyo zakhe yirisithi yaseKorea okanye iphefumlelwe enye. Izakhono zakhe kunye charisma zimfumene kakhulu notoriety ukuba INew York Times bambiza ngokuba ngu-'Julian Child wase-YouTube 'wase-YouTube. Ngenxa yokwanda kokuthandwa kwenkcubeko yaseKorea phakathi kwabantu baseMelika, ayothusi into yokuba ijelo elenza ukutya kwaseKorea kufikeleleke kubantu baseMelika sele lidumile. Ubuchule bakhe bobuchule kunye nobuntu obunomtsalane bamenza ukuba abe ngumbuki zindwendwe ofanelekileyo. Ngababhalisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3.1 kunye nenani eliqhubekayo lokukhula kweembono, le yenye yeYouTube eyenze indawo yayo yaqina kwi-intanethi.

Ngaba i-donald Trump isela

Qho ngonyaka, uKim wenza i umvuzo oqikelelweyo kwenye indawo phakathi kwe- $ 23.6K kunye ne- $ 377.2K. Ukujonga uKim uthumele iividiyo ezingama-32 kuphela ngo-2018, utsala phakathi kwe- $ 737 kunye ne- $ 11,787 yevidiyo nganye.

Ikhitshi leAlmazan

AlmazanKitchen Facebook

Ngokunokwenzeka enye yeendlela ezizodwa kolu luhlu yile Ikhitshi leAlmazan , ibanjwe ngumpheki waseSerbia ogama linguAlex Almazan kunye noMalume wakhe uBoki. Ngelixa ijelo lenza ezinye izitya eziphefumlelweyo zaseSerbia, njenge Isidlo sakusasa sokugqibela saseSerbia , Olona hlobo lwevidiyo luhamba ngokulula ngokulula. Ngamnye unombhalo omncinci kwaye akukho mabali-yividiyo yokutya okulungiswayo ngezixhobo ezilula entlango kunye nezandi zendalo ngasemva. Ukuzola okumangalisayo kwaye ngokungafaniyo nayo nayiphi na enye indlela yokupheka naphina. Almazan uyacacisa Kwisiza sakhe, 'besisoloko sifuna ukwenza amava awodwa kubabukeli bethu, ke siyinto yonke kodwa umboniso oqhelekileyo wokupheka. Iividiyo zethu zishicilelwe kwindalo yasendle, ukutya kulungiswa kwizinto zokupheka ezenziwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezizodwa zasekhitshini, sisebenzisa iindlela zakudala zokupheka kunye nezinye izithako ezinqabileyo, zonke iiresiphi zethu zinokulungiswa ngokulula ekhaya. '

Ngoku ka IBlade yoLuntu , IAlmazan Kitchen izisa kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe- $ 29.2K kunye ne- $ 466.7K ngonyaka. Kuba balayishe iividiyo ezingama-103 ezinomdla kwi-2018, bahamba phakathi kwe- $ 283 kunye ne- $ 4,531 yevidiyo nganye.

Ixesha lokutya kwe-Epic

Ixesha lokutya kwe-Epic Facebook

Ukuya kude kube ngowama-2010, Ixesha lokutya kwe-Epic Ibanjwe nguHarley Morenstein osoloko esonwabisa, yenye yezona zitya zidumileyo nezithandwayo ezisekwe kukutya kwe-YouTube. Ngevidiyo yabo eyaziwayo, Ukutya okukhawulezayo kweLasagna , ukufumana ngaphezulu kwe-30.8 yezigidi zokujonga, ijelo linababhalisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7, libenza ijelo kunye nababhalisi besibini kolu luhlu, emva kukaRosanna Pansino. Uninzi lwezinto ezinokuthenjwa kweli jelo zibonisa uMorenstein kunye nabahlobo bakhe benza ezona mpazamo zingenangqondo, kunye neendlela zokupheka ezingaphezulu ezinokucingelwa, njenge ipipi yeelekese , ukuya I-cookie eyi-100 , kunye nohlobo lwabo lwe Turducken . Emva kokuba ijelo liphumelele, labonisa iindwendwe ezinje USeth Rogen , UTony Hawk , kunye UArnold Schwarzenegger kwaye iphefumlele umabonwakude ojikelezayo kwi-FYI ebizwa Ubukumkani besidlo se-Epic .

Kuyabonakala ukuba, ixesha lokutya kwe-Epic lizisa phakathi $ 7.6 K kunye ne-121.8K kumvuzo wonyaka. Kuba bapapashe iividiyo ezili-116 ze-whopping ngo-2018, baphakathi kwe- $ 65 kunye ne- $ 1,050 yevidiyo nganye. I-Morenstein isenokungabi yeyona YouTuber ityebileyo kolu luhlu, kodwa ubuncinci isihloko sejelo lakhe lichanekile. Yindumasi ngokwenene.

NguByron Talbott

NguByron Talbott Facebook

Umpheki olandelayo we-YouTube ukwenza olu luhlu NguByron Talbott . Ekubonweni kokuqala, kunokubonakala ngathi UTalbott unjengaye nawuphi na umpheki owaziwayo we-YouTube ofumene ukuqaqamba ngenxa yenkangeleko yabo entle. Kodwa lo mpheki akabobuso nje obuhle. AyingoTalbott kuphela umpheki onetalente enkulu, ukwangumenzi wefilimu omangalisayo kunye nomhleli. Abanye abapheki be-YouTube basebenzisa ubuntu babo obunobunkunkqele ukubabeka ngaphandle kwepakethi, ngelixa abanye bezama ukunika amajelo abo i-comedic twist, kodwa indlela kaTalbott icace ngakumbi kunaleyo. Ayikuko kuphela ukugxila kukaTalbott kukutya (ngumjelo wokupheka emva kwayo yonke loo nto), kodwa ukwayenza ibonakale ingakholeki. Usebenzisa ii-angles zekhamera ecingisiswe kakuhle kunye nokubalisa okuzolisayo ukubuyisa ubugcisa ekuphekeni.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwetalente yakhe, umvuzo wakhe oqikelelweyo uphantsi kakhulu kunoninzi lwabanye abantu abakolu luhlu. Ngoku ka IBlade yoLuntu , Wenza ndawo phakathi kwe- $ 2.2K kunye ne- $ 35.1K. Okoko uTalbott wakhupha iividiyo ezingama-60 ngo-2018, oko kuthetha ukuba wenza phakathi kwe- $ 36 kunye ne- $ 585 ngevidiyo nganye. Nangona la manani engenakukhuphisana namanye ama-YouTube amakhulu kuloluhlu, italente kaTalbott isamfumana indawo.

ULaura ekhitshini

ULaura Vitale Facebook

ULaura ekhitshini , isingathwe ngu ULaura Vitale, Umpheki wase-Italiya-waseMelika, wenza olunye ungeniso kolu luhlu. UVitale ngomnye umpheki ofumene ukuthandwa kwiYouTube, ngaphandle kokuba ulandela ifomula efanayo nabapheki bakamabonwakude bemveli. Uphantse wanayo UMarta Stewart vibe kuye, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ayiyonto imbi, kodwa ukufana ngokuqinisekileyo kuyimini yakhe kunye nejelo lakhe. Ngelixa iVitale inetalente kwaye inomdla, akukho nto malunga nejelo elibonakalayo.

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwesihlobo sakhe esicacileyo, unababhalisile abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3.3 kwaye ngokwe IBlade yoLuntu , yenza kwenye indawo phakathi kwe- $ 12.4K kunye ne- $ 199.2K ngonyaka. Ukujonga ukuba ulayishe iividiyo ezingama-95 kwi-2018, wenza phakathi kwe- $ 130 kunye ne- $ 2,096 ngevidiyo nganye.

Ewe kunjalo, ukongeza kwimali ekusenokwenzeka ukuba uyenza kwi- Ijelo lokupheka , apho i-YouTube yakhe enkulu elandelayo yamfumana gig njengomboniso womboniso wakhe, Ngokulula uLaura , kunye neendawo zeendwendwe kuninzi lweminye imiboniso.

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